ENGLISH
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INDEX
Section 1 / Sezione1
Reading exercises
Cap 3 The Cello / Il violoncello
Cap 4 E-mail dal morto / E-mail from the dead person
Cap 5 Galileo Galilei
Section 2 / Sezione 2
Section 3 / Sezione3
Parts of the speech
English adverbs
Section 4 / Sezione 4
Section 4 / Sezione 4
English grammar by Mary Ansell
Section / sezione
Section 5 / Sezione 5
Section 6 / Sezione 6
Grammar 1
Section 7
Cap 1
Bach, Johann Sebastian born March 21, 1685, Eisenach, Thuringia, died July 28, 1750, Leipzig. German composer.
Johann Sebastian Bach, nato il 21 marzo, 1685, Eisenach, Turingia, morto il 28 luglio, 1750, Lipsia. Compositore tedesco.
Nato da una famiglia di musicisti, divenne superbo completo musicista; dal 1700 ha ricoperto mansioni come cantante, violinista e organista.
His first major appointment, in 1708, was as organist at the ducal court at Weimar.
La sua prima importante nomina, nel 1708, fu come organista presso la corte ducale a Weimar.
This was followed by a six-year stay (1717–23) as kapellmeister at the princely court of Köthen, which was in turn followed by his appointment as cantor at the great church of St. Thomas in Leipzig, where he would remain for the rest of his life.
Questa fu seguita da un soggiorno di sei anni (1717–23) come maestro di cappella alla corte di Kothen, a sua volta seguita dalla sua nomina come cantor presso la grande chiesa di S. Tommaso di Lipsia dove sarebbe rimasto per il resto della sua vita
Imbued with the northern German contrapuntal style (see counterpoint) from early childhood, he encountered the lively Italian style, especially in the works of Antonio Vivaldi, about 1710, and much of his music embodies an immensely convincing melding of the two styles.
Imbevuto con lo stile contrappuntistico della Germania settentrionale (cfr. contrappunto) fin dall'infanzia, ha incontrato il vivace stile italiano, soprattutto nelle opere di Antonio Vivaldi, circa 1710, e gran parte della sua musica incarna una immensa convincente unione dei due stili.
At St. Thomas he wrote more than 200 church cantatas.
Nella chiesa di St Thomas scrisse più di 200 cantate da chiesa
His orchestral works include the six Brandenburg Concertos, four orchestral suites, and many harpsichord concertos, a genre he invented.
Le sue opere orchestrali includono i sei concerti brandeburghesi, quattro suites orchestrali , e molti concerti per clavicembalo, un genere che lui inventò.
His solo keyboard works include the great didactic set The Well-Tempered Clavier (1722 and 1742), the superb Goldberg Variations (1742), the massive but unfinished Art of the Fugue (1749), numerous suites, and many organ preludes and fugues.
I suoi lavori per tastiera includono il grande set didattico Il Clavicembalo Bene-temperato (1722 e 1742), le superbe Variazioni Goldberg (1742), l'enorme ma non finita Arte della Fuga (1749), numerose suites, e molti preludi per organo e fughe.
His surviving choral works include (in addition to the sacred cantatas) more than 30 secular cantatas, two monumental Passions, and the Mass in B Minor.
I suoi lavori corali sopravvissuti includono (in aggiunta alle sacre cantate) più di 30 cantate profane, due monumentali passioni, e la messa in B minore.
His works, never widely known in his lifetime, went into near-total eclipse after his death, and only in the early 19th century were they revived, to enormous acclaim. He was perhaps the most accomplished organist and harpsichordist of his time.
Le sue opere, mai completamente conosciute in vita, sono andate in quasi totale declino dopo la sua morte, e solo nel XIX secolo hanno rivissuto enorme plauso. Egli fu forse il più completo organista e , clavicembalista della sua epoca.
Today Bach is regarded as the greatest composer of the Baroque era, and, by many, as the greatest composer of all time.
Oggi Bach è considerato come il più grande compositore dell’era Barocca, e, da molti, come il più grande di tutti i tempi.
Cap 2
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (March 4, 1678 – July 28, 1741), nicknamed il Prete Rosso ("The Red Priest"), was a Venetian Baroque composer, priest, and famous virtuoso violinist.
Lucio Antonio Vivaldi (4 marzo, 1678 - 28 luglio, 1741), soprannominato il Prete Rosso, è stato un compositore Barocco Veneziano, sacerdote, e famoso virtuoso violinista.
Vivaldi also had some success with stagings of his operas in Venice, Mantua and Vienna.
Vivaldi ebbe anche qualche successo mettendo in scena sue opere a Venezia, Mantova e Vienna.
After meeting the Emperor Charles VI, Vivaldi moved to Vienna hoping for preferment.
Dopo un incontro coll'Imperatore Carlo VI, Vivaldi si trasferì a Vienna sperando di ottenere una promozione.
The Emperor died soon after Vivaldi's arrival, and the composer died a pauper, without a steady source of income.
L'imperatore morì poco dopo l'arrivo di Vivaldi e il compositore morì povero, senza una fonte regolare di reddito.
Well received during his lifetime, Vivaldi's music went into a decline until it was rediscovered in the first half of the 20th century. Vivaldi's music is popular with modern audiences.
Ben accolto durante tutta la sua vita, la musica di Vivaldi andò in declino fino a quando non è stata riscoperta nella prima metà del ventesimo secolo. La musica di Vivaldi è diffusa nel pubblico moderno.
Cap 3
The cello (plural cellos or celli) is a bowed string instrument. The word derives from the Italian violoncello. A person who plays a cello is called a cellist. The cello is used as a solo instrument, in chamber music, and as a member of the string section of an orchestra. It is the second largest bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra, the double bass being the largest.
Il violoncello (plurale violoncelli) è uno strumento a corda ad arco. La parola deriva dall’italiano violoncello. Una persona che suona un violoncello è chiamato un violoncellista. Il violoncello è usato come uno strumento solistico nella musica da camera, e come un membro della sezione degli archi di un'orchestra. E' il secondo più grande strumento a corda ad arco nell’orchestra sinfonica moderna , il contrabbasso è il più grande.
The name Cello is an abbreviation of the Italian violoncello, which means "little violone", referring to the violone ("big viol"), the lowest-pitched instrument of the viol family, the group of string instruments that were superseded by the violin family. Thus, the name carries both an augmentative "-one" ("big") and a diminutive "-cello" ("little").
Il nome Cello è un'abbreviazione dell’ italiano violoncello, il che significa "piccolo violone", in riferimento al violone ("grande viola"), lo strumento più basso della famiglia, il gruppo di strumenti a corda che sono stati (soppiantati) sostituiti dalla famiglia del violino. Così, il nome porta sia un accrescitivo "-one" ("grande") e un diminutivo "-cello" ("poco").
It now is acceptable to use the name "cello" without the apostrophe and as a full designation. Cellos are tuned in fifths, starting with C2 (two octaves below middle C) as the lowest string, followed by G2, D3, and A3. It is tuned the same way as the viola, only an octave lower.
The instrument is a part of the standard orchestra and is the bass voice of the string quartet, as well as being part of many other chamber groups. A large number of concertos and sonatas have been written for the cello.
Lo strumento è una parte dell’orchestra ordinaria ed è la voce di basso del quartetto d’archi, così come è parte di molti altri gruppi da camera. Un gran numero di concerti e sonate sono state scritte per il violoncello.
Among the most well-known Baroque works for the cello are J. S. Bach's six unaccompanied Suites.
The Prelude from the First Suite is particularly famous. From the Classical era, the two concertos by Joseph Haydn in C major and D major stand out, as do the five sonatas for cello and pianoforte of Beethoven which span the important three periods of his compositional evolution.
Romantic era repertoire includes the Schumann Concerto, the Dvořák Concerto as well as the two sonatas and the Double Concerto by Brahms.
Il repertorio del periodo romantico comprende il concerto di Schumann, il concerto di Dvořák nonché due sonate e il doppio concerto di Brahms.
Compositions from the early 20th century include Elgar's Cello Concerto in E minor, Debussy's Sonata for Cello and Piano and unaccompanied cello sonatas by Zoltán Kodály and Paul Hindemith
Composizioni dell’ inizio del ventesimo secolo comprendono il concerto per violoncello di Elgar in RE minore, la Sonata di Debussy per violoncello e pianoforte e le sonate senza accompagnamento di Zoltàn Kodály e Paul Hindemith
The cello's versatility made it popular with composers in the mid to late twentieth century such as Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Britten, Ligeti and Dutilleux, encouraged by soloists who specialized in contemporary music (such as Siegfried Palm and Mstislav Rostropovich) commissioning from and collaborating with composers.
Cap 4
E-mail dal morto / E-mail from the dead person
A couple from Milan decided to take a week vacation in the Caribbean for a short break from the cold European winter.
Because both had work commitments, they had to leave on different days. He left on Thursday, and she intended to join him on a Friday flight.
Having reached his destination, he saw there was a computer in his room, so he decided to send an email to his wife. Unfortunately, he neglected to type a letter in the address and sent the note to the wrong person.
Unfortunately, in Rome, at that moment, a widow returned home from the funeral of her husband who had just died from a heart attack.
La neo-vedova si aspettava messaggi di condoglianze tramite internet e controllò la sua posta. Dopo aver aperto la prima e-mail e letto le righe, emise un urlo e svenne davanti allo schermo.
The new widow had expected messages of condolences over the Internet and checked her e-mail. After she opened the first message and read it, she screamed and fainted in front of the screen.
Il figlio si precipitò subito nella stanza e vide la mamma esanime sul pavimento.Guardando sullo schermo del computer, lesse:
Her son immediately charged into the room and saw his mother collapsed on the floor. Looking at the computer screen, he read:
To: Alla mia adorata moglie...
From: Dal tuo appena separato marito.
Subject: Sono arrivato!
To: to my beloved
wife...
From: from your just departed husband.
Subject: I arrived!
Cara, sarai sorpresa di sentirmi. Ora hanno computer qui e ci è permesso di spedire e-mail ai nostri cari. Sono appena arrivato ed ho fatto già il check-in. Vedo che tutto è già perfettamente pronto per il tuo arrivo domani. Sono molto felice di riabbracciarti prestissimo. Spero che anche il tuo viaggio vada bene come è stato per me.
Dear, I know you're surprised to hear from me. They have computers here now and you are allowed to send emails to your loved ones. I have just arrived and checked-in. I see that everything is already perfectly ready for your arrival tomorrow. I will be very happy to embrace you again very soon. I hope that your trip will be as good as mine.
PS: C'è un caldo infernale qui!
PS: It's hot as hell here!
Cap 5
Galileo Galilei 15 February 1564– 8 January
1642 was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher who
played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include
improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and
support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern
observational astronomy,"[6] the "father of modern physics,"[7] the "father of
science,"[7] and "the Father of Modern Science."[8] Stephen Hawking says,
"Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the
birth of modern science."[9]
Galileo Galilei 15 febbraio 1564 8 gennaio
1642 è stato un fisico italiano, astronomo, matematico e filosofo che ha svolto
un ruolo importante nella rivoluzione scientifica. I suoi successi comprendono
miglioramenti al cannocchiale e conseguenti osservazioni astronomiche, e il
sostegno al copernicanismo. Galileo è stato chiamato il "padre della moderna
astronomia osservativa" il "padre della fisica moderna " il "padre della scienza"
e il "padre della moderna scienza" Stephen Hawking dice, "Galileo, forse più di
qualsiasi altra singola persona, fu responsabile della nascita della scienza
moderna"
The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school
and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject
of kinematics. His contributions to observational astronomy include the
telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four
largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the
observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and
technology, inventing an improved military compass and other instruments.
Il movimento degli oggetti uniformemente
accelerati, insegnato in quasi tutti i licei e corsi introduttivi di fisica
universitari , è stata studiata da Galileo come soggetto della cinematisa. I
suoi contributi all'astronomia osservativa comprendono la conferma delle fasi di
Venere, la scoperta dei quattro più grandi satelliti di Giove (chiamati lune
galileiane in suo onore), e l'osservazione e analisi delle macchie solari.
Galileo ha lavorato anche nella scienza e nella tecnologia applicata ,
inventando una perfezionata bussola militare e altri strumenti.
Galileo's championing of Copernicanism was controversial within his lifetime,
when a large majority of philosophers and astronomers still subscribed (at least
outwardly) to the geocentric view that the Earth is at the centre of the
universe. After 1610, when he began publicly supporting the heliocentric view,
which placed the Sun at the centre of the universe, he met with bitter
opposition from some philosophers and clerics, and two of the latter eventually
denounced him to the Roman Inquisition early in 1615.
La difesa di Galileo del copernicanismo fu controversa nell'ambito della sua vita, quando la grande maggioranza dei filosofi e degli astronomi ancora sottoscrivevano (almeno apparentemente) la visione geocentrica che la Terra è al centro dell'universo. Dopo il 1610, quando iniziò pubblicamente a sostenere la visione eliocentrica, che pose il sole al centro dell'universo, incontrò un'amara opposizione da alcuni filosofi e ecclesiastici, e due di questi ultimi alla fine lo denunciarono alla romana Inquisizione all'inizio del 1615
In February 1616, although he had been cleared of any offence, the Catholic Church nevertheless condemned heliocentrism as "false and contrary to Scripture", and Galileo was warned to abandon his support for it—which he promised to do. When he later defended his views in his most famous work, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, published in 1632, he was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy," forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.
Nel febbraio 1616, sebbene egli fosse esente da qualsiasi reato, la Chiesa cattolica condannò l'eliocentrismo come "falso e contrario alle Scritture", e Galileo fu avvisato di abbandonare il suo sostegno ad esso, che egli promise di fare. Quando in seguito difese il suo punto di vista nella sua opera più famosa, Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo, pubblicato nel 1632, fu processato dall'Inquisizione e trovato "fortemente sospetto di eresia", costretto ad abiurare, e trascorse il resto della sua vita agli arresti domiciliari.
Cap 6
Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726])[1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian who is considered by many scholars and members of the general public to be one of the most influential people in human history.
Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 gennaio 1643 - 31 marzo 1727 [OS: 25 dicembre 1642 20 marzo 1726])[1] è stato un fisico matematico, astronomo, filosofo della natura, alchimista e teologo inglese che è considerato da molti studiosi e membri del grande pubblico di essere una delle persone più influenti nella storia umana.
His 1687 publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (usually called the Principia) is considered to be among the most influential books in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries.
La pubblicazione nel 1687 del Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (solitamente chiamata i "Principia") è considerato essere tra i libri più influenti nella storia della scienza, che getta le basi per la maggior parte della meccanica classica. In questo lavoro, Newton descrisse la gravitazione universale e le tre leggi del moto che hanno dominato la visione scientifica dell'universo fisico per i prossimi tre secoli.
Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the scientific revolution.
Newton ha mostrato che il moto degli oggetti sulla Terra e dei corpi celesti sono disciplinati dalla stessa serie di leggi naturali dimostrando la coerenza tra le leggi di Keplero del moto planetario e la sua teoria della gravitazione, togliendo così gli ultimi dubbi circa l'eliocentrismo e facendo avanzare la rivoluzione scientifica.
Newton was also highly religious, though an unorthodox Christian, writing more on Biblical hermeneutics and occult studies than the natural science for which he is remembered today.
Newton è stato anche altamente religioso, sebbene non ortodosso cristiano, che scrisse più sull' ermeneutica biblica e studi occulti che sulle scienze naturali per le quali è ricordato oggi.
Cap 7
http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/4316/
Title: Old Sultan Author: Jacob & Wilhelm Grimm
A shepherd had a faithful dog, called Sultan, who was grown very old, and had lost all his teeth. And one day when the shepherd and his wife were standing together before the house the shepherd said, 'I will shoot old Sultan tomorrow morning, for he is of no use now.' But his wife said, 'Pray let the poor faithful creature live; he has served us well a great many years, and we ought to give him a livelihood for the rest of his days.' 'But what can we do with him?' said the shepherd, 'he has not a tooth in his head, and the thieves don't care for him at all; to be sure he has served us, but then he did it to earn his livelihood; tomorrow shall be his last day, depend upon it.'
Poor Sultan, who was lying close by them, heard all that the shepherd and his wife said to one another, and was very much frightened to think tomorrow would be his last day; so in the evening he went to his good friend the wolf, who lived in the wood, and told him all his sorrows, and how his master meant to kill him in the morning. 'Make yourself easy,' said the wolf, 'I will give you some good advice. Your master, you know, goes out every morning very early with his wife into the field; and they take their little child with them, and lay it down behind the hedge in the shade while they are at work.
Now do you lie down close by the child, and pretend to be watching it, and I will come out of the wood and run away with it; you must run after me as fast as you can, and I will let it drop; then you may carry it back, and they will think you have saved their child, and will be so thankful to you that they will take care of you as long as you live.' The dog liked this plan very well; and accordingly so it was managed. The wolf ran with the child a little way; the shepherd and his wife screamed out; but Sultan soon overtook him, and carried the poor little thing back to his master and mistress. Then the shepherd patted him on the head, and said, 'Old Sultan has saved our child from the wolf, and therefore he shall live and be well taken care of, and have plenty to eat. Wife, go home, and give him a good dinner, and let him have my old cushion to sleep on as long as he lives.' So from this time forward Sultan had all that he could wish for.
Soon afterwards the wolf came and wished him joy, and said, 'Now, my good fellow, you must tell no tales, but turn your head the other way when I want to taste one of the old shepherd's fine fat sheep.' 'No,' said the Sultan; 'I will be true to my master.' However, the wolf thought he was in joke, and came one night to get a dainty morsel. But Sultan had told his master what the wolf meant to do; so he laid wait for him behind the barn door, and when the wolf was busy looking out for a good fat sheep, he had a stout cudgel laid about his back, that combed his locks for him finely.
Then the wolf was very angry, and called Sultan 'an old rogue,' and swore he would have his revenge. So the next morning the wolf sent the boar to challenge Sultan to come into the wood to fight the matter. Now Sultan had nobody he could ask to be his second but the shepherd's old three-legged cat; so he took her with him, and as the poor thing limped along with some trouble, she stuck up her tail straight in the air.
The wolf and the wild boar were first on the ground; and when they espied their enemies coming, and saw the cat's long tail standing straight in the air, they thought she was carrying a sword for Sultan to fight with; and every time she limped, they thought she was picking up a stone to throw at them; so they said they should not like this way of fighting, and the boar lay down behind a bush, and the wolf jumped up into a tree. Sultan and the cat soon came up, and looked about and wondered that no one was there.
The boar, however, had not quite hidden himself, for his ears stuck out of the bush; and when he shook one of them a little, the cat, seeing something move, and thinking it was a mouse, sprang upon it, and bit and scratched it, so that the boar jumped up and grunted, and ran away, roaring out, 'Look up in the tree, there sits the one who is to blame.' So they looked up, and espied the wolf sitting amongst the branches; and they called him a cowardly rascal, and would not suffer him to come down till he was heartily ashamed of himself, and had promised to be good friends again with old Sultan.
Italian Proficiency Test
Cap 1
English test
Cap 1
Part One: Elementary
Choose the correct answer to go in the gap.
Cap 2
English Grammar Test
Part Two: Intermediate
8. Last week we .... to Warsaw.
Cap 3
English
Grammar Test
Part Three: Upper Intermediate
Cap 4