Stationary pendulum experiment during the August 11 1999 solar eclipse over Europe        my home page

Emails sent to Antonio Iovane by David Noever of NASA.  -  IP and email addresses have been slightly modified, see NOTE.

                   This scientific correspondence was never confidential.                     ** Posted on Sep 27 2008 **

Message headers are RED

Noever's text is BLACK

Iovane's quoted text is BLUE

 

This document doesn't contain the emails sent to Noever by Iovane, but only parts of them when quoted in Noever's emails.

So far, this document doesn't contain the short movies made by Nasa from the Iovane's video tapes. May be they will be added.

               ***  This document contains a lot of useful links and references on the subject of eclipses and gravity ***

Msgs dated in pink were sent to Iovane,  msgs dated in gray were sent to all of the project collaborators.

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Date: Thu, 15 Jul 1999 15:46:52 -0600

To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

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Subject: Re: Pendulum and eclipse

 

>Dear Dr. Noever, I've decided to make a simple experiment during  the

>eclipse: I will use an idle pendulum instead of an oscillating one, in

>order  to check if some motion arises. I think that it is difficult to

>exactly  reproduce the Allais' experiment, due to the plurality of

>involved variables (  period of the pendulum, its phase and direction of

>the plan of oscillation at  the moment of a perturbating event; direction,

>duration and strength of the  perturbating force ). On the other hand,

>should an idle pendulum get  motion, it could be easier to discriminate a

>perturbating force. I've proposed this  experiment on an internet forum,

>and we could have some idle pendulums waiting  for the eclipse. If you are

>non disturbed, please let me know your opinion  and/or suggestions, if

>any. Thanks for your attention. Regards, Antonio Iovane

 

Thanks for your email,

 

This response is far more than any single person would want to know about

the August 11 solar eclipse-gravity experiments. (Near the end, I attach

the July 2 Science article description).

 

I provide this as background, and will provide more practical inputs: "when

and where" table is all that is really needed here.

 

The various explanations can be considered afterwards if there is anything

to explain.

 

The issue of whether it is an advantage to be in the path of totatity for

the eclipse (far NE America, Europe to Asia) is an open one, since it

hinges on the resolution of the method used and the cause of any anomaly.

The resolution is high enough for milli-Gal resolution certainly, and the

cause is unknown.

 

I suppose if forced to make a prediction, I would say that static (null)

gravimeters will not show an effect (interesting in its own right) but that

dynamic measurements (moving parts) may have some firm historical

precedents.

 

I'll followup with time tables in detail and any additional notes about

operation.

 

Thanks again for your interest in helping.

 

David

___________

For the simple pendulum (wire and ball, with two modes, one a vertical
swing, the other a horizontal rotation).

An 8-10 second period would have a predicted 13.5 degree excursion, which
is highly visible and persistent over the eclipse, even when (or
particularly because) the rotation itself is 10 degrees per hour from earth
rotation and Foucault effect. Note that prior to the World's Fair in Paris,
nobody thought that earth's rotation could ever be detected in this way,
which is why a demonstration was arranged.

The Foucault effect itself is 3 micro-G and considered an inspiration to
Mach's principle and inertial physics; and if true, the August 11 anomalies
for the eclipse would be consistent with previous reports in the range of 5
micro-G, so it is not trivial, either in its comparative value or in its
observational values (13.5 degree backward shift in angle of planar swing;
note this is clockwise turn seen from above in the N. Hemisphere and has
around 10 degrees per hour rotation at mid-latitudes; the period by
location is easy to calculate as [24 hours/sin (latitude)], so it is 24
hours approx. at the pole, and infinite at the equator).

As is, the signal to noise ratio was reported as 12.5 (sigma values,
uncertainties) or higher and coincident at least 4 different observational
years with the onset of the eclipse separated over at least a 17-30 year
span.

This 13.5 degree backward excursion in the angular plane persisted
throughout 2.5 hours of observations, repeated 3 times in 2 locations in
1954 and 1959 in France, repeated again in 1981 in Romania, repeated again
using a torsion pendulum in 1970 eclipse at Harvard, then also refuted in
1954 in Shetland, Scotland using static gravimeters, and in 1965 in
Trieste,  and not observed in 1990 Finland eclipse using torsion pendulum.

You would have to go to Allais' 1988 Nobel autobiographical lecture to hear
the scientific challenge here: "During the total eclipses of the sun on
June 30, 1954, and October 22, 1959, quite analogous deviations of the
plane of oscillation of the paraconical pendulum were observed...With
regard to all these results as well as to their analysis I can make a
prediction..."

Well, good luck.

In an American J. of Physics (58, 530, 1990; G.T. Gillies) review, the
summary of Allais' work reads: "A physicist (who later won a Nobel prize in
economics) finds a gravitational anisotropy at the level of 5 micro-G.
(5x10^-6 G)."

Additional modern review article's opinion of the 6 notes in the French
Academy of Science (Allais, CRAS) and the followup Physical Review D
article (Saxl and Allen, confirming periodic changes in a torsion pendulum,
1970 eclipse in Boston):

"There is considerable interest in gravitation...but experiments are
difficult, and a great deal of work done in the past, some of it very
careful and still valuable, is rather inaccessible...the results of Allais,
and later, Saxl and Allen, are seldom discussed."

So we currently have the following datasets that could be coming in:
1) February 1999 eclipse data over S. Hemisphere (unanalyzed so far)
2) 4 gravimeters of similar high resolution in Abu Dabi, running along in
the path of totality
3) 1 gravimeter, Huntsville
4) 2 borehole gravimeters (Denver, Edcon)
5) 1 absolute gravimeter (falling mass, laser system; Micro-G Solutions,
Boulder)


If people also wants to take some measurements with a torsion balance, this
is the summary of how it has worked historically and some refinements.

If you want to see what one of these Foucault anomalies looks like on a
graph, you can also go to the Department of Physics, Univ. Guelph, site:
http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/foucault6.html

As to the all important question of why?, consider how the observers put it.
The prevailing interpretation by the original experimenters were that:

1) Allais attributed effects to anisotropy in space itself (1997 with 750
page long French book titled "The Anisotropy of Space")
2) In a followup comment (1960), Flynt attributed the pendulum effects to
blocking solar radiation pressure, but with the subtlety of harmonic
effects because of the shifted coincidence between early onset of pendulum
changes and later trailing off during late stages of eclipse
3) Saxl and Allen (1971) attributed effects to fine structure and
gravitational wave detection, but conclude that these effects (as seen over
17 years at Harvard on a torsional balance) require a dynamic, moving test
mass to reveal any effects.


There is detailed geographic information on the path of totality for the
eclipse on August 11:

Try first at NASA/Goddard
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/eclipse.html

and
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/TSE1999/TSE1999.html

A small N. Atlantic segment is shown at:

http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast17jun99_1.htm

Nova Scotia is one of the earlier totality regions; NY itself may see at
dawn an approximate 30% coverage of the solar disk.


Note that the only two long-term Foucault pendulum observations are from K.
Onnes (discovered superconductivity, Nobel Physics, 1913, for mercury, and
later tin and lead) and M. Allais (eclipse anomaly, Nobel Economics, 1988).

 Foucault himself although engaged in many spectacular demonstrations from
the 1851 World's Fair onwards, never published long-term raw data.

An interesting aside here on Onnes was that he was the student of Kirchhoff
(famous electrical circuit rules), and is credited with "theoretical as
well as experimental proof that Foucault's well-known pendulum experiment
should be considered as a special case of a large group of phenomena which
in a much simpler fashion can be used to prove the rotational movement of
the earth."

Onnes had a famous motto: "Door meten tot weten" (Knowledge through
measurement)


Allais' Challenge to the Scientific Community,

Maurice Allais' Nobel Autobiographical Lecture, 1988

"During the total eclipses of the sun on June 30, 1954, and October 22,
1959, quite analogous deviations of the plane of oscillation of the
paraconical pendulum were observed...With regard to all these results as
well as to their analysis I can make a prediction: if, without
interruption, for at least one month, in the same place and at the same
time, observations of the movement of the paraconical pendulum are made,
together with optical sightings such as those I made, as well as a
repetition of the Michelson-Morley (1887) and Miller (1925)
experiments.. it will be found that the effects observed by Miller in
1925 correspond to the anomalies in the movement of the paraconical
pendulum and the anomalies of the optical sightings which I observed."

Original sources were reported in six notes of the French Academy of
Sciences: C.R.A.S. 245, 1875; 245, 2001; 244, 2469; 245, 2467;245;2170.
The American Institute of Aeronautical Sciences, at the recommendation of
Wernher von Braun, published in English in Aero/Space Engineering,
September and October, 1959 (18, (9) and (10).

Repetitions Over Time and Separated Distances

"Two identical installations at St. Germain and Bougival, in an
underground gallery (57 m deep) show that the previously observed
anomalies are still present." M. Allais, Aero/Space Engineering, Nov. 1959,
p. 55

Modern Repetitions by Independent Groups

"A number of observations were made of the behavior of a Foucault
pendulum during the eclipse of the Sun of 15 February 1981. ..A similar
result concerning a shift of the oscillation plane on 30 June 1954 was
seen by Prof. Maurice Allais at St. Germain-Laye. ..These experiments
should be repeated during other total eclipses of the sun." G.T. Jeverdan,
Rusu, G.I. and Antonesco, "Experiments Using the Foucault Pendulum During
the Solar Eclipse of 15 February, 1981", Bib. Astronomer, 1:18 (1981)

The Eclipse in Detail as seen by a Foucault Pendulum

In 1997, Allais published a 750-page book, The Anisotrophy of Space
(Paris: Edition Clement Juglar) in which he gives a general and complete
presentation of his experimental and theoretical research.

"..an abnormal lunar and solar influence also became apparent in the
form of a remarkable disturbance of the motions of the paraconical
pendulum during the total solar eclipse of June 30, 1954. The plane of
the oscillation of the paraconical pendulum shifted approximately 15
centesimal degrees during the eclipse. An azimuth curve traced for the
period extending from June 28, 1954 (8 p.m.) to July 1, 1954 (4 p.m.).
Just at the beginning of the eclipse, the azimuth of the plane of
oscillation suddenly was raised 5 centisimal degrees above the trend
which first characterized its mothion. Twenty minutes before the maximum
of the eclipse, which was recorded at 12:40, the deviation reached a
maximum of 15 centisimal degrees and then decreased progressively...it
is notable that nothing in the branch of the azimuth curve which
precedes the time corresponding to the center of symmetry is in any way
comparable to the very strong deviation noted during the eclipse. It
must be further underscored that during all continuous observation
periods, no variation of the azimuth curve similar to that corresponding
to the solar eclipse of June 30, 1954, was ever observed.  ..The order
of magnitude is that of the Foucault effect, which , in the case of the
pendulum used, is itself some 3 micro-G (10^-6 dg/g)...In the field of
astronomy, where planetary motion is dealt with, it is therefore
necessary to match them with forces, the integral of which would add up
to zero over the path of these planets. ..From this it will be seen that
the abnormalities that have been revealed do not in any fashion run
contrary to the earlier experimental data, either on the surface of the
earth or even in the field of astronomy."

M. Allais, Aero/Space Engineering, Sept. 1959, p. 46-52; Aero/Space
Engineering, Oct. 1959, p. 51-55; Aero/Space Engineering, Nov. 1959, p.
55; C.R.A.S. (Fr.), 247,1958, p. 1428; ibid, p. 2284; C.R.A.S. (Fr.),
248,1959, p. 764; ibid, p. 359

There is no doubt an impressive lineage in peer review and laureates
involved here.

Here are some further into how others have interpreted the Allais' pendulum
results.

Engineering of Foucault pendulum

"The very best study by far, both from the experimental and theoretical
standpoints, is that of (Nobel Laureate) Kamerlingh Onnes. ..To my
knowledge the motion of the Foucault pendulum never was observed
continuously, day and night, over a period of time of about a month.
Foucault himself never published the results of his findings other than
in a general form." M. Allais, Aero/Space Engineering, Sept. 1959, p. 46-52

Some of the counterarguments are summarized at the end of this list in
references.

Experimental details
Prior to the eclipse onset, the deviation in the trend line never exceeded
1.2 centisimal degrees, yielding a sigma value of 12.5 in the signal to
noise ratio. Simultaneous with the onset of the eclipse, the plane of
oscillation shifted 5 centisimal degrees above the trend line support  for
the Foucault  effect generally, when that trend was centered over a 12 hour
time series in azimuths and the eclipse maximum.

The pendulum itself was released from a resting position every 20 minutes,
and its motion observed for about 14 minutes. The release  amplitude for
the pendulum was 0.11 radians, and initiated by the burning of a thread.
After 14 minutes, the pendulum was stopped and it was again released in the
plane of the last observed  azimuth.  The releases continued every 20
minutes, day and night, such that 72 series of connected azimuth
observations correspond within each 24-hour period.  The motion was
observed with an aiming system (needle) placed on a circle centered on the
vertical axis of the pendulum, as defined at rest, with a scale graduated
in centisimal degrees.  The precision in determining the plane of
oscillation was estimated at  0.1 centisimal degrees. The curves analyzed
show the successive azimuths  observed over time (degrees). Each data point
represents the release azimuth corresponding to eac h series of 14-minute
observations. The Foucault  effects (at latitude  )are 0.209/minute. In the
centisimal system of measuring angles, the right angle is divided into 100
degrees, each degree into 100 minutes, and each minute into 100 seconds. In
French, a centisimal degree is a grade.  One  centisimal degree thus equals
0.9 (90/100) degrees as defined based on 360 equi-divisions of a circle.

Pendulum description
An asymmetrical , paraconical pendulum was used with components: 1)
vertical bronze disc weighing 7.5 kg, attached to a bronze  rod hung from a
bronze stirrup; 2) the stirrup rests on a 6.5 mm diameter steel ball, which
is free to roll in any direction in the horizontal plane. To rule out any
systematic effect, the steel ball was changed after each 20 minute
experiment. and other contact surfaces that might show wear or
time-dependent anomalies were changed weekly during extended observations.
While in motion, the pendulum can rotate over a total angle of 210
centisimal degrees.  The pendulum rod and its stirrup weighed 4.5 kg, such
that the pendulum's total weight was 12 kg with equivalent  pendulum length
of approximately 83 cm. The steel balls were high precision bearing
surfaces of tungsten carbide and cobalt.

The geographic coordinates were (), with the pendulum's  center of gravity
1.5 m below ground (basement location).

The tangent  to the mean correspond to the 2,160 time series of 14-minute
elementary observations making up the monthly series for June-July 1955,
and accurately reflect the Foucault effect.

Rotation of the pendulum's plane during the total solar eclipse of June 30,
1954.

Azimuths of the pendulum were observed from June 28, 8 p.m. to July 1, 4
a.m. A spike was observed at the onset of the eclipse, with the plane of
oscillation shifted approximately 15 centisimal degrees  [(185-170) maximum
displacement from Foucault angular  trend line], or 13.5 degrees [0.24
radians].

 Prior to the eclipse onset, the deviation in the trend line never exceeded
1.2 centisimal degrees, yielding a sigma of 12.5 in the signal to noise
ratio. Simultaneous with the onset of the eclipse, the plane of oscillation
shifted 5 centisimal degrees above the trend line support  for the Foucault
effect generally, when that trend was centered over a 12 hour time series
in azimuths and the eclipse maximum.  This excursion in the angular plane
persisted throughout 2.5 hours of observations.

1) Much complex description goes into 'asymmetrical paraconical' aspects,
etc.--, but the Foucault effect is visible simply by a wire and bob--the
longer the wire, the better.

2) While systematic errors can be introduced by the mode of suspension
(friction), any universal joint here works, if rotation is possible. The
pendulum at the UN Building (NY) for example is a steel claw which bites
into a 2.5 mm wire. The claw is hinged on  a universal joint. If you are
willing to reset it occasionally, then this need not be complicated.

3) The motor drive (to overcome air resistance) does not drive the joint
itself, but instead the bob end. In the UN pendulum case again, the wire is
around 60 feet, so obviously this cannot be pushed from a hinge with a
non-rigid wire. The usual way to drive these is eddy currents--a ring is
placed at the bob end which gets pulses of AC current. An embedded copper
plate in the bob itself, then gets a phase kick and the bob goes back and
forth without supervision.

All this last stuff is to say that continuous, unsupervised operation is
complex. If on the other hand someone lets the pendulum go every 20 minutes
for maybe 4 hours or so, then all these problems are just a wire and
weight.

So how long of a wire and how much weight? Like all pendulum, simple or
otherwise, they are linear for small displacements. So for example, the UN
has a 200 pound ball suspended from 60 feet and it takes around 10 seconds
to complete a swing. The length to amplitude ratio is around 20. So about a
3 foot swing in a 60 foot wire. I could imagine having a weight with a hook
eye on it. A thread is tied to a object (file cabinet drawer handle?) to
the side and after about 20 minutes, then the pendulum is stopped, a new
thread is tied and burned for the moment of release.

That is the idea which if of interest, would require some considerable
refinements.


The short version of this long note is that it may truly take a dynamic
measurement to uncover anything on 11 August eclipse, meaning that
gravimeter is stationary reading (null measurement).


The explanation offered for ignoring them is that more sensitive techniques
have not confirmed any anomaly, which is perhaps an overstatement since
sensitivity in a 13 degree angular change is not the issue and because it
may take a non-static test method. This dismissal looks more like a charge
of systematic error, but as reported by 3 different scientists (at least)
separated by 3 eclipses (17 years) and at least 4 separate observational
opportunities.

Clearly however viewed, it is a category one mystery.

Explanations
1) blocking of solar radiation pressure as a variable force on the earth's
mass.  "very minute" earth oscillation modes from glancing radiation
(outside the path of totality) which "would generate a disturbing torque at
right angles to the earth's axis. Professor Allais' pendulum--if oriented
in the a plane sensitive to angular rotation--could have detected this.."

quote from, F.V. Flynt, "Comment", Aerospace Engineering May 1960, p. 113

Note that Flynt further argues that based on earth-moon mass ratios, the
displacement between the earth's central axis and the earth-moon two body
axis of rotation generates small centrifugal forces. This becomes not only
a limitation, in his opinion, to why Newtonian gravititational constant
measured terrestrially is known to within only 3-4 significant figures, but
also why high precision measurements in 8-10 digits are mutually exclusive
of each other depending on location, time in earth's rotation and
moon-earth positions. (It is a fact that these different measurement
exclude each other within their reported precision, but hard to imagine
that JPL orbital calculation programs, for instance, are not flagging the
two-and three-body corrections well beyond imagineable marks like this.
Anyway, FYI on this unrelated observation to the radiation pressure
discussion and right angle torquing in the plane of the pendulum based on
diffraction like effects).

___________________

So Allais reports two different eclipses, with the same result basically in
3 locations. The pendulum changes its angle of rotation by 13.5 degrees
maximum, then returns to normal rotation (Foucault effect, 0.19
degrees/minute) in the ensuing (and preceding) hours.

A somewhat strange paper reports same thing for a 1981 eclipse, later
writing in a footnote that after recording their deviations in the Foucault
pendulum, they uncovered the Allais observations (read: they weren't
looking for it).

Here is perhaps the strangest report from a very good journal (Physical
Review D3, (1971) 823, saying basically the same result with a torsion
pendulum. This is E.J. Saxl and M. Allen, "1970 Solar Eclipse as 'Seen" by
a Torsional Pendulum."

2) The explanation proposed: "may indicate a kind of gravitational fine
structure," or diffraction-like higher harmonics.

They argue that these effects manifest as 'apparent wavelike structure
observed over the course of many years at our Harvard laboratory. It cannot
be predicted on the basis of classical gravitational theory nor has it been
observed i the quasistationary experiments underlying this theory (e.g.
spring-operated gravimeters, seismographs, and interferometer devices)."

In other words, their belief is that it requires moving parts, or dynamic
measurements to reveal this.

While it would be tempting to attribute the alignment of positions to the
added vs. subtracted mass of the moon+sun side (during eclipse) and the
moon-sun side (2 weeks later) as having some particular role, they note
that classical calculations would show that the maximum such difference
involves no more than 16 micro-g variation for any given site on earth, vs.
their abrupt period change in the torsional behavior that is 5 orders of
magnitude higher based on any gravitational increase in the tension on the
pendulum wire (an extension equivalent to 1.2 kg increase in the 23.4 kg
weight (5% change)).

They conclude that "this agrees qualitatively (including the early onset of
the timing of the signal in the eclipse) with the work of Allais with a
paraconical (Foucault) pendulum. There the change of azimuth increased
substantially in the first half of the eclipse of 30 June 1954. Both these
effects would seem to have a gravitational basis which cannot be explained
by any accepted classical theory...This leads to the same conclusion
arrived at by Allais.."

The particulars:

The eclipse was 7 March 1970, recorded at Harvard. The torsion pendulum is
a rod  horizontal with two test masses (Cavendish balance) or torus (in
Saxl case, the torus donut shape is the mass oscillating) and the
centerpoint suspended by a fine quartz or coated conducting thread which
oscillates the the total weight in a plane. Saxl and Allen measure the time
for the clockwise and counterclockwise (back and forth) motion on its first
swing from rest. Variations in this time are observed during the eclipse,
with reference to Allais' results. The timing itself is automated and
digitally recorded from a mirror attached to the rod and signalling to a
photocell device. The path traversed is a constant fixed part. They also
report 'qualitative agreement with other eclipses" using their torsion
device, but only with automatic timing and non-ferrous/non-metallic parts
for the quantitative tests. Temperature control on their 'isoelastic'
Ni-Span "C" suspension wire was 21.7+0.6 C. This wire was kept under
constant load (for 17 years!) to avoid possible material load creep or
deviations from equilibrium. It s operative baseline was established 6.25 h
prior to the eclipse onset for comparison and run-in the wire to avoid
mechanical hysteresis, or stability, slippage problems. The pendulum was
grounded and charged to 4900 V for comparison of EM effects or artifacts.

The eclipse was around 96.5% total for Boston, with constant angle rotation
recorded from 10:15 am to 3:40 pm. An average of 5 consecutive (grounded
electrical) were recorded and averaged to give deviations (period, 29
seconds, integration time per average data point, 2.5 minutes, or 5 periods
of oscillation). In their observations, a 0.0372% increase in the period
(29.570 second baseline) is seen to begin its rise with the eclipse onset,
peak just after the eclipse maximum (29.581 second max.) and then decrease
to an offset value. The resolution for times are 10 microseconds and 100
microsecond significant digits--this would correspond to a sigma for signal
to noise ratio of around 31 or higher. Without any 5 period averaging, the
precision of the quartz-crystal timer itself is far higher, 10 parts per
billion.

They conclude finally "The findings with the torsion pendulum, the
significant mass of which moves perpendicularly to the geogravitic vector,
seem to indicate the possibility of a fine structure in these observations
neither predicted nor recorded using the orthodox methods of
quasistationary gravitational investigations."

References:
1) M. Allais, French Academy of Sciences: C.R.A.S. (1959)  245, 1875; 245,
2001; 244, 2469; 245, 2467;245;2170; in English in Aero/Space Engineering,
September and October, 1959 (18, (9) and (10).
2) F. Flynt, Comment, Aero/Space Engineering, May 1960
3) E. Saxl And M Allen, Phys. Rev. D3; 823, 1971
4) J. Haringx and H. Suchtelen, Phillips Technical Review, 19, 236, (1957/8)
5) G. Gillies, Metrologia, 24 (Suppl) 1-56 (1987)
6) L.B. Slichter, M. Caputo, and C.L Hager, J. Geophys. REs. 70(6),
1541-1551 (1965). The large, Trieste horizontal pendulums and a La Coste
gravimeter are used to test a limit of g=gn(1-2.5x10^-13) on the variation
of gravity due to shielding of the Sun by the Moon during a solar eclipse."


Space Shuttle and NASA Experimental Methods

Avron,Y., Livio, M. "Considerations regarding a space-shuttle
measurement of the gravitational constant," Astrophys. J., 304, L61-L64,
(1986).

Esposito, P.B. "Evaluation of the geocentric gravitional constant from
(Mars) Viking doppler and range data," J. Geophys. Res. 84: 3654-3658
(1979).

Farinella, P., Milani, A., Nobili, A.M. "The measurement of the
gravitional constant in an orbiting laboratory," Astrophys. Space Sci.
73: 417-433 (1980)



Gravitometers During Solar Eclipses

Dobrokhotov, U.S., Parisky, N., and Lysenko, V. "Observations of tidal
variations of gravity in Kiev during the solar eclipse on Feb. 15,
1961", Symp. Intern. Marees, Terestres, 4th, Comm. Obs. Roy. Belg. Ser.
Geophys., 58, 66-67, 1961.

Tomaschek, R. "Tidal gravity measurements in the Shetlands, effect of
the total eclipse of June 30, 1954, Nature, 175, 937-942 (1955)
Schlichter, L.B., Caputo, M. and Hager, C. J. Geophys. Res. 70: 1541
(1965)

Stacey, F.D. and Tuck, G.J., "Geophysical Evidence for Non-Newtonian
Gravity," Nature, 292: 230 (1981)


Tidal Correction Terms

Longman, I.M. Formulas for Computing the Tidal Accelerations Due to the
Moon and Sun, J. Geophys. Res. 64:2351 (1959)

Adamuti, I.A., Il Nuovo Cimento, 5C, 189 (1982)

Engineering of Foucault pendulum

Crane, H. R. "Foucault pendulum 'wall clock', Amer. J. Phys. 62, 33
(1995); note, Crane received 1988 Phillips Award, for his 'unusually
broad, deep, and persistent service to the physics education community.'

_____________________

The Dark Side of Gravity

Volume 285, Number 5424, Issue of 2 July 1999
©1999 by The American Association for the Advancement of Science.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol285/issue5424/sindex.shtml

Text of article is:

The Dark Side of Gravity
Is gravity on Earth affected by a solar eclipse? Old observations of
strange behavior from a Foucault pendulum have persuaded NASA scientists to
test the notion during the total solar eclipse that will happen on 11
August.

The Foucault pendulum, invented in 1851 by French astronomer Jean Bernard
Leon Foucault, was the first instrument that could demonstrate Earth's
rotation without reference to the stars. The swing direction of the long
pendulum remains constant as Earth rotates underneath it, which means its
path appears to move,
traveling a full circle every 24 hours at the poles and taking longer
closer to the equator (32 hours in Paris, for example).

Maurice Allais, an amateur astronomer and 1988 economics Nobelist, claimed
to find what he called "remarkable anomalies" in a Foucault pendulum's
swing at his Paris laboratory during the total solar eclipses of 1954 and
1959. During one eclipse, he measured a slight deviation --an extra 0.15
degree--in movement of the plane under the pendulum's swing, indicating the
pendulum was speeding up slightly. This implied a tiny (3 millionths of 1g)
increase in Earth's gravity field. His published report, "Should the Laws
of Gravitation Be Reconsidered?" lay in obscurity until recently, when David
Noever of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, was
rummaging through the Web for information relating to his work on
gravity.

Now Noever and colleague Ron Koczor plan to use a state-of-the-art gravity
sensor to test Allais's observation during the upcoming eclipse. The NASA
team will compare their results with a similar test by Edcon Inc., a
gravitometer manufacturer in Denver, as well as observations at Foucault
pendulums in Europe that lie in the path of the eclipse.

The duo doubts they will find the eclipse anomaly. Still, says Noever,
"Allais could have stumbled onto something important." Possible
explanations are
highly speculative, ranging from quantum fluctuations in the vacuum of
space to radiation pressure changes from the blockage of sunlight.

______________________________

This would seem to indicate that the 11 August eclipse experiments are now
about solar neutrino problem and special relativity??

Shedding Light in the Dark

by Kristen Philipkoski, Wired
http://www.wired.com/news/news/technology/story/20663.html

3:00 a.m.  13.Jul.99.PDT
Although a total solar eclipse on 11 August will black out the Northern
Hemisphere, it may enlighten physicists deciphering the causes of a
gravitational anomaly.

Forty-five years ago, French physicist Maurice Allais discovered that the
swing of a pendulum will change during an eclipse, a phenomenon which has
never been explained by established physics theory. Advocates of
autodynamics -- a theory that claims to debunk Einstein's theory of special
relativity -- believe they can explain the anomaly.

"Einstein doesn't have a mechanism for [explaining] gravity, and most of
the better physicists have said we don't have a mechanism explaining it,"
said David de Hilster, president of the Society for the Advancement of
Autodynamics. "We can explain how it works."

The autodynamics gravity theory goes like this: Everything is constantly
getting ever-so-slightly larger because of particles called pico-gravitons.
The particles push things around causing gravity, and sometimes they get
stuck inside objects, causing their mass -- and gravity -- to increase.

According to Einstein's theory of special relativity, mass and gravity do
not increase over time.

When the sun is screened out by the moon, it blocks lots of pico-gravitons,
de Hilster said, so it makes sense that a pendulum's swing would change
slightly. "We have a paper of brilliant calculations that explain why this
happens and predict what should be measured."

Mainstream physicists have considered autodynamics a crackpot theory for
decades, and most agree that an experiment at the Stanford Linear
Accelerator Center in 1984 proved the theory wrong.

"As far as I was concerned autodynamics was disproved. Special relativity
is correct," said Pierre Noyes, professor in the theoretical physics
section at SLAC, and lead researcher of the 1984 experiment.

Because Einstein's theory is so pervasive in physics, and so much of their
own research is based on his work, most physicists simply won't try to
understand autodynamics, de Hilster said.


Two NASA researchers will use a gravimeter at the Marshall Space Flight
Center in Huntsville, Alabama, to revisit Allais' 1954 and 1959
observations, which detected a 0.15 deviation in the rotational angle of
the pendulum.

The gravimeter itself will measure any gravitational anomalies and the
researchers hope to coordinate their studies with a pendulum in Europe,
closer to the direct line of the eclipse.

"There's pretty good experimental evidence against the idea that gravity
changes over time," said David Noever, the NASA Marshall Space Flight
Center physicist who will lead the eclipse research.

Noyes, of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, said the founder of
autodynamics, Ricardo Carezani, has modified his original theory in an
attempt to make the experiment work.

The autodynamics equations, however, are exactly the same as they were 40
years ago, according to de Hilster.The experiment was flawed, he said, not
the theory.

De Hilster has been criticized because he has degrees in mathematics and
linguistics rather than physics. But since he's studied autodynamics for
the past five years and has worked closely with Carezani, he said he
understands it well.

Carezani was a student in Argentina when he discovered autodynamics in
1940, where he claims his theory was suppressed by the Peron government
because it contested Einstein's theory.

Now 77, Carezani lives in California and still works to promote autodynamics.

Supporters of autodynamics do not subscribe to Einstein's theory of the
neutrino. The neutrino is integral to the theory of special relativity,
which holds that the speed of light is constant. Neutrinos are theorized to
be particles with little or no mass or charge and an extremely weak force
that allows them to pass through objects.

Conventional wisdom holds that neutrinos come from nuclear power plants and
stars -- our sun produces over two hundred trillion trillion trillion
neutrinos every second which pass through our bodies and the earth,
according to neutrino researchers.

Autodynamics advocates believe that Einstein followers fabricated the
neutrino in order to explain inconsistencies in the theory of special
relativity. And de Hilster believes that evidence of neutrinos reported by
government scientists is fabricated.

It's the "sentinel attack point for the theory of relativity," de Hilster
said. "It has no mass and no charge and people have been trying to detect
it and failed for 50 years."

An inconsistency in the number of neutrinos shown in several solar neutrino
experiments is a known problem in neutrino study.

However, most physicists don't question the existence of neutrinos. Huge
and expensive underground neutrino detectors called Super-Kamiokandes, or
Super-Ks, show apparent evidence of neutrinos.

Autodynamics advocates don't buy it. "They hide the data because
Super-Kamiokande collaboration is a secret society," an autodynamics paper
states. "They support the neutrino hypothesis in order to sustain special
relativity, but with no scientific basis."

But mainstream physicists say they've heard it all before.

"A lot of claims are made about "relativity" being wrong, in some way that
has something to do with neutrinos," said Lee Smolin, physics professor at
Penn State University.

"There is no serious attempt [by the autodynamics supporters] to make an
argument or to discuss the mountains of experimental data that refute their
basic  claims, for example, in which people every day produce and detect
neutrinos in laboratories."

Additional online information:


Null result on torsion pendulum

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1991fnps.conf.....U&db_key=AST&high=37692492d311278

                         The 1990 solar eclipse as seen by a torsion pendulum
 Authors:

                         ULLAKKO, K.; LIU, YONG; XIE, ZELIANG
 Affiliation:

                         Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo (Finland).
 Journal:

                         In Oulu Univ., Proceedings of the 25th Annual
Conference of the Finnish Physical Society 1 p (SEE
                         N92-10362 01-70)
 Publication Date:

                         00/1991
 Category:

                         Solar Physics
 Origin:

                         STI
 NASA/STI Keywords:

                         FINLAND, PENDULUMS, SOLAR ECLIPSES, TORSION,
TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS,
                         TORSIONAL VIBRATION
 Bibliographic Code:

                         1991fnps.conf.....U


                                                Abstract

In July 1990 there was a total solar eclipse in Helsinki, Finland. The
results of Saxl and Allen, made at Harvard University (U.S.)
during the total solar eclipse in March 1970, were tested using equipment
which was quite similar to that used in Harvard. Because
the possible effects were expected to be extremely small, special attention
was paid to avoid vibrations of the surroundings. Also the
temperature of the equipment was controlled in order to eliminate changes
of temperature due to thermal expansion of the bars of the
pendulum and the suspension wire. Ten times better resolution than Saxl and
Allen was achieved. Four measurements, each lasting
nine hours, were performed during the night preceding the eclipse, during
the eclipse and the night after the eclipse and two weeks
after the eclipse. In the limits of errors no effects were observed. The
origin of the effects reported by Saxl and Allen must have been
in the experimental system.


Periodic solar influence on torsion pendulum

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1977PrTGE...8..201K&db_key=AST&high=37692492d311715

Title:

                         Effect of solar rotation on free vibrations of a
torsional pendulum
 Authors:

                         KOLESNIKOVA, E. M.; KOLESNIKOV, S. M.
 Journal:

                         Problemy Teorii Gravitatsii i Elementarnykh
Chastits, no. 8, 1977, p. 201-214. In Russian.
 Publication Date:

                         00/1977
 Category:

                         Solar Physics
 Origin:

                         STI
 NASA/STI Keywords:

                         FREE VIBRATION, PENDULUMS, SOLAR ROTATION,
AUTOCORRELATION,
                         GEOMAGNETISM, MECHANICAL OSCILLATORS, TWENTY-SEVEN
DAY VARIATION
 Bibliographic Code:

                         1977PrTGE...8..201K


                                               Abstract

Results are presented for one year of continuous measurements of the
free-vibration amplitudes of a torsional pendulum, which
reveal 27-day variations correlated with solar rotation. It is shown that
the observed variations are not connected with either
geomagnetic disturbances or solar activity as given by Wolf sunspot
numbers. An autocorrelation analysis of the measured
free-vibration amplitudes is performed, and peaks in the autocorrelation
coefficient are found at periods of 27, 28, and 30 days,
which indicates the effect of a perturbation with a slowly varying period.
It is proposed that the rotation of solar active regions
responsible for forming the boundaries of the interplanetary-magnetic-field
sector structure affects the free vibration of the
torsional pendulum and that the limb passage of these regions subjects the
earth to the same forces as those which accompany the
swinging of a low-frequency mechanical oscillator. The behavior of a
one-dimensional mechanical oscillator exposed to random
parametric perturbations is analyzed.


http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1991AcASn..32....1G&db_key=AST&high=37692492d311715
Title:

                      INSPECTING THE PERIOD CHANGES OF THE TORSION PENDULUM
DURING SOLAR
                      AND LUNAR ECLIPSES
 Authors:

                      GUAN, T.R.; HU, E.K.
 Journal:

                      ACTA ASTRONOMICA SINICA V.32:1, P. 1, 1991
 Publication Date:

                      03/1991
 Origin:

                      KNUDSEN
 Bibliographic Code:

                      1991AcASn..32....1G

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1975PrTGE...6..205S&db_key=AST&high=37692492d311715

 Title:

                         A method for detecting gravitational waves with
the aid of torsion pendulums
 Authors:

                         SHIROKOV, M. F.; BONDAREV, B. V.
 Journal:

                         Problemy Teorii Gravitatsii i Elementarnykh
Chastits, no. 6, 1975, p. 205, 206. In Russian.
 Publication Date:

                         00/1975
 Category:

                         Astrophysics
 Origin:

                         STI
 NASA/STI Keywords:

                         GRAVIMETRY, GRAVITATIONAL WAVES, PENDULUMS,
TORSIONAL VIBRATION,
                         SEISMIC WAVES, TORQUE, WAVE EQUATIONS
 Bibliographic Code:

                         1975PrTGE...6..205S


                                               Abstract

The paper considers two identical torsion pendulums whose beams form a
right angle. It is shown that the rotational moments
caused by some gravitational wave will be equal in magnitude, but opposite
in direction. It is concluded that this peculiar effect
may be exploited to distinguish the response of a detector to gravitational
radiation against a background of oscillations due to
seismic events or other causes.

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1982NCimC...5..189A&db_key=AST&high=37692492d317442

 Title:

                         The screen effect of the earth in the TETG -
Theory of a screening experiment of a sample body at
                         the equator, using the earth as a screen
 Authors:

                         ADAMUTI, I. A.
 Affiliation:

                         AA(Institutul de Cercetari si Proiectari Pentru
Industria Electrotehnica, Bucharest, Rumania)
 Journal:

                         Nuovo Cimento C, Serie 1, vol. 5C, Mar.-Apr. 1982,
p. 189-208.
 Publication Date:

                         04/1982
 Category:

                         Astrophysics
 Origin:

                         STI
 NASA/STI Keywords:

                         ANGULAR ACCELERATION, EARTH SURFACE, ELECTRIC
FIELDS, PLANETARY
                         GRAVITATION, SCREEN EFFECT, SOLAR GRAVITATION,
THERMODYNAMICS,
                         CENTRIFUGAL FORCE, DIURNAL VARIATIONS, EARTH
ROTATION, EQUATORS,
                         NEWTON THEORY
 Bibliographic Code:

                         1982NCimC...5..189A


                                               Abstract

The acceleration of gravity, g, is calculated at the same point on the
earth's surface for the cases of the equator at midday and at
midnight. The calculations are for an ellipsoid of revolution of the earth
around an axis projected from the plane of the equator.
Values of g are calculated in terms of the Newton and
electrothermodynamical theories, for the earth, sun, and the centrifugal
rotation and revolution of the earth. The results are presented in tabular
form for the midday and midnight cases, and calculations
are conducted to verify the total differences between the two points, for
the two theoretical frameworks, by means of a pendulum
and a ballistic gravimeter.


http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1976GBzG...85..513T&db_key=AST&high=37692492d317442

 Title:

                         Bottlinger's and Majorana's absorption of the
gravitational force and the tide-generating forces
 Authors:

                         TREDER, H.-J.
 Affiliation:

                         AA(Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Sternwarte, Babelsberg, East Germany)
 Journal:

                         Gerlands Beitraege zur Geophysik, vol. 85, no. 6,
1976, p. 513-520. In German.
 Publication Date:

                         00/1976
 Category:

                         Astrophysics
 Origin:

                         STI
 NASA/STI Keywords:

                         EARTH-MOON SYSTEM, GRAVITATION THEORY, NEWTON
THEORY, TIDES,
                         ABSORPTANCE, CELESTIAL MECHANICS, NEUTRON STARS,
PENDULUMS
 Bibliographic Code:

                         1976GBzG...85..513T


                                               Abstract

Classical theories concerning the mechanical shielding of gravitation and a
theory developed by Riemann (1850/51) lead to a
modification of Newton's law of gravitation. Such modified relations are
provided by gravitation laws reported by Seeliger (1895,
1909) and Majorana (1920). Seeliger's modification leads according to
Bottlinger (1912) to fluctuations of the length of the moon
in connection with the lunar eclipse. Values for the constant k of
Majorana's relation are discussed, taking into account
experimental determinations of higher accuracy on the basis of measurements
of the tide-generating forces and a utilization of
stellar relations.

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1997grgp.conf..451D&db_key=AST&high=37692492d317442

Title:

                      PLANNING TO MEASURE G WITH A PENDULUM
 Authors:

                      DE MARCHI, A.; ORTOLANO, M.; PERIALE, F.; RUBIOLA, E.
 Journal:

                      General Relativity and Gravitational Physics;
Proceedings of the 12th Italian Conference, edited by
                      M. Bassan, V. Ferrari, M. Francaviglia, F. Fucito,
and I. Modena. World Scientific Press, 1997.,
                      p.451
 Publication Date:

                      00/1997
 Origin:

                      ADS
 Bibliographic Code:

                      1997grgp.conf..451D

*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever    Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov
 

 

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Date: Thu, 22 Jul 1999 08:32:06 -0600

To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180

Subject: Re: Pendulum and eclipse

 

Are you still planning to take some measurements? If so we have a more

complete description in electronic format, if requested.

 

David

  

>Dear Dr. Noever, I've decided to make a simple experiment during  the

>eclipse: I will use an idle pendulum instead of an oscillating one, in

>order  to check if some motion arises. I think that it is difficult to

>exactly  reproduce the Allais' experiment, due to the plurality of

>involved variables (  period of the pendulum, its phase and direction of

>the plan of oscillation at  the moment of a perturbating event; direction,

>duration and strength of the  perturbating force ). On the other hand,

>should an idle pendulum get  motion, it could be easier to discriminate a

>perturbating force. I've proposed this  experiment on an internet forum,

>and we could have some idle pendulums waiting  for the eclipse. If you are

>non disturbed, please let me know your opinion  and/or suggestions, if

>any. Thanks for your attention. Regards, Antonio Iovane 

 

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

 

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Date: Fri, 23 Jul 1999 11:00:22 -0600

To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

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Subject: PROTOCOLLO SPERIMENTALE PER LA MISURAZIONE DEL MOVIMENTO DIPENDULA

 

>>Are you still planning to take some measurements? If so we have a more

>>complete description in electronic format, if requested.

>>

>>David

>

>

>Yes, I will do it, and will take a record too. I will keep you informed.

>So I ask you to send me any helpful info.

>Now I'm adjusting and testing my equipment, and I'm planning to observe it

>over a reasonable period of time to check its reliability.

>Thanks,

>Antonio

 

You mentioned an interest in skimming through some of the hodge-podge in

this area. Actually, the better stuff is towards the bottom, and then it

gets increasingly simple at the top.

 

 

I have attached a short history on this problem related to 11 August

eclipse. We are interested in assistance from those who may also be able to

refer any suggestions about:

 

1) available university or museum display Foucault pendulum in European

path of totality for eclipse

 

2) amateur experimenters who may be interested enough to construct some

components of their own measurements. In this case, the minimal version

would be  a long wire and a weight, such that swing and rotation modes are

possible.

A video (preferrably before and after the eclipse with up to 6 hours of

pendulum motion and a time indicator on the video) would be the initial

data. Perhaps a top view is most interesting, since the expected effect--if

true--would be summarized as approximately a 13 degree change in the

rotation of the pendulum. Since the earth's rotation is contributing 10

degree change per hour, this is a large value accessible to amateur's over

the course of several hours on video tape.

 

We can receive these and will have some analysis added to it. If a top view

is not convenient, a horizontally placed camera could either video or

periodically record the angle.

 

The simple method is to: 1) set the weight in motion, say less than 10-30

degrees from the vertical;' 2) turn on the video with long-play tape.

 

When air resistance or friction from the wire attachment (which should be

universally hinged to allow rotation) slows down the back and forth motion

of the weight, then the ball can be reset manually in motion.

 

The angle of initial release is not relevant to this kind of short 6 hour

experiment, because the swinging motion will simply attempt to keep its

initial line as the earth (floor) turns underneath it.

 

That's it. If you think a kind person in the European path would share your

interest, we would welcome any further exchange of ideas about how to

coordinate events for August 11.

 

 

These would be the most user-friendly (simple) instructions in 4 languages

(pardon translation errors):

 

 

 PROTOCOLLO SPERIMENTALE PER LA MISURAZIONE DEL MOVIMENTO DI PENDULA

                 SCOPO: Lo scopo di questo esperimento è determinare se il
movimento d'un pendolo cambia durante l'
                 eclipse solare totale di agosto del 1999. I rapporti
scientifici pubblicati suggeriscono che le deviazioni
                 nel senso del pendolo si presentano durante l' eclipse
(con il movimento che ritorna dopo al relativo
                 modo normale).

                 METODO: Il grande pendula alle università ed ai musei
intorno al mondo sarà usato per effettuare
                 questo esperimento. Il movimento del pendolo sarà
registrato su videotape prima di, durante e dopo i
                 passaggi di eclipse. Questa registrazione allora DIGITAL
sarà elaborata per ottenere i dati posizionali
                 del pendolo in funzione di tempo.

Nota: è presupposto che il movimento del pendolo non possa essere
interrotto e posizionato
                specificamente per questo esperimento. Di conseguenza il
video del movimento in che cosa aereo
                accade è accettabile. Tuttavia, se l' aereo può allora
essere preselezionato crediamo che il senso
                ottimale di movimento possa essere perpendicolare al
percorso della totalità alla posizione del pendolo.
                Per quel motivo, chiediamo che il pendolo è regolato per
muoversi in quel senso una volta possibile.

                La nota, anche, che la video macchina fotografica normale
registra non è tipicamente abbastanza lunga
                registrare l' evento completo di 6 ore. Una possibilità
deve usare la video macchina fotografica come
                riga immessa ad un video registratore a cassetta (vcr). È
allora possibile da registrare a destra su un
                nastro lungo di durata nel vcr. Ciò egualmente presenta il
vantaggio di mettere il video direttamente su
                un formato standard del nastro. Contrassegnare prego il
vostro nastro quanto al formato usato (IE, VHS,
                pal, beta, ecc.).

Italiano:


                L' ESPERIMENTO: Punto 1. Posizionare una video macchina
fotografica sopra il percorso del pendolo
                in modo che osservi il movimento del pendolo. Registrare l'
ingrandimento di immagine in modo che il
                formato della struttura del video abbini il percorso totale
del pendolo. Se possibile, disporre un piccolo
                (un diametro da approssimativamente 3 - 5 centimetri)
contrassegno di riferimento sul pendolo come
                vicino al legare di sostegno come possibile. Ciò sarà usata
per l' elaborazione di immagini. Il
                contrassegno può essere una piccola parte del nastro
colorato (quale il nastro arancione o rosso
                brillante di sicurezza) fissato temporaneamente. Se è
impossible da fissare qualche cosa al pendolo,
                quindi registrare senza.

                Inoltre, indicare prego il senso del nord allineare in
qualche luogo nel campo di visibilità della macchina
                fotografica. Un indicatore di nastro brillante provvisorio
è ancora sufficiente.

                Punto 2: Se disponibile, posizionare una seconda video
macchina fotografica nel piano del pendolo in
                modo che sia nel piano dell' oscillazione ai tempi della
totalità.

Punto 3: Stabilire un riferimento esatto di tempo per la vostra misura. Se
la vostra macchina fotografica
                registra automaticamente il tempo e la data sul video,
allora regolare il tempo come esattamente
                possibile. Se la vostra macchina fotografica non registra
il tempo e la data, allora il uno o il altro posto
                un orologio digitale (con i numeri leggibili sulla
registrazione della macchina fotografica) in qualche
                luogo nel campo di visibilità di video macchina fotografica
(senza interferire con il movimento del
                pendolo). Un' alternativa deve registrare un segnale audio
di tempo da una sorgente esatta di
                riferimento di tempo. Un' esattezza generale di tempo +/-
di 2 secondi è richiesta, con più alta esattezza
                che è preferita se disponibile.

                Punto 4: Determinare quando la vostra posizione avverte la
totalità. Cominciare la posizione del
                pendolo della registrazione e cronometrare circa 3 ore
prima della totalità e continuare la registrazione
                per 3 ore dopo la totalità.

Punto 5: Contrassegnare il nastro con il vostri nome, posizione e nome
dell' istituzione della persona del
                 contatto. Con il nastro, fornire prego la latitudine, la
longitudine e l' altezza sopra il livello del mare del
                 vostro pendolo, una descrizione delle funzioni fisiche del
vostro pendolo (quali materiale e peso della
                 sfera, della lunghezza del legare di sostegno, del metodo
impiegato per effettuare movimento, ecc.) e la
                 zona di tempo del tempo registrato (UTC è preferito).

                 Punto 6: Trasmettere il nastro e le informazioni
supplementari a:

                 La Direzione Del Dott. David Noever Nasa La Science, Sd48,
Costruente 4481 Ordina Il Centro Di Volo
                 spaziale, Alabama 35812, S.U.A.

Dr. David Noever
NASA
Science Directorate,  SD48, Building 4481
Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812, USA

English

EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL FOR MEASURING THE MOTION OF PENDULA


PURPOSE:  The purpose of this experiment is to determine if the motion of a
pendulum changes during the August 1999 total solar eclipse.  Published
scientific reports suggest that deviations in pendulum direction occur
during an eclipse (with the motion returning to its normal mode after).

APPROACH:  Large pendula at universities and museums around the world will
be used to perform this experiment.  The pendulum motion will be recorded
on videotape prior to, during, and after the eclipse passes.  This
recording will then be digitally processed to obtain pendulum positional
data as a function of time.

Note: it is assumed that the motion of the pendulum cannot be
stopped and positioned specifically for this experiment.  Therefore video
of the motion in whatever plane it occurs is acceptable.  However, if the
plane can be pre-selected then we believe that the optimum direction of
motion may be perpendicular to the path of totality at the pendulum
location.  For that reason, we request that the pendulum be set to move in
that direction when possible.

Note, too, that normal video camera tapes are typically not long
enough to record the complete 6 hour event.  One possibility is to use the
video camera as a line input to a video cassette recorder (vcr).  It is
then possible to record right onto a long duration tape in the vcr.  This
also has the advantage of putting the video directly onto a standard tape
format.  Please mark your tape as to format used (ie, VHS, PAL, Beta,
etc.).

THE EXPERIMENT:
Step 1.  Position a video camera above the path of the pendulum so
that it views the pendulum motion.  Adjust the image magnification so that
the video frame size matches the total path of the pendulum.  If possible,
place a small (roughly 3 to 5 cm diameter) reference mark on the pendulum
as close to the supporting wire as possible.  This will be used for image
processing.  The mark can be a small piece of colored tape (such as
brilliant orange or red safety tape) attached temporarily.  If it is
impossible to attach anything to the pendulum, then record without.

Also, please indicate the direction of True North somewhere in the
field of view of the camera.  Again a temporary brilliant tape marker is
sufficient.

Step 2:  If available, position a second video camera in the plane
of the pendulum so that it is in the plane of the swing at the time of
totality.

Step 3:  Establish an accurate time reference for your measurement.
If your camera automatically records time and date onto the video, then set
the time as accurately as possible.  If your camera does not record time
and date, then either place a digital clock (with numbers legible on the
camera recording) somewhere in the field of view of the video camera
(without interfering with the pendulum motion).  An alternative is to
record an audio time signal from an accurate time reference source.  An
overall time accuracy of +/- 2 seconds is required, with higher accuracy
being preferred if available.

Step 4:  Determine when your location experiences totality.  Begin
recording pendulum position and time approximately 3 hours before totality
and continue recording for 3 hours after totality.

Step 5:   Mark the tape with your institution name, location and
name of contact person.  Along with the tape, please provide  the latitude,
longitude and elevation above sea level of your pendulum, a description of
the physical aspects of your pendulum (such as material and weight of ball,
length of support wire, method used to maintain motion, etc.) and the time
zone of the recorded time (UTC is preferred).

Step 6:  Send the tape and supporting information to:

Dr. David Noever
NASA
Science Directorate,  SD48, Building 4481
Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812, USA

___________________

Deutsch:


                 EXPERIMENTELLES PROTOKOLL FÜR DAS MESSEN DER BEWEGUNG VON
PENDULA

                 ZWECK: Der Zweck dieses Experimentes ist, festzustellen,
wenn die Bewegung eines Pendels während
                 der Gesamtsolareklipse Augustes 1999 ändert. Erschienene
wissenschaftliche Reports schlagen vor,
                 daß Abweichungen in der Pendelrichtung während einer
Eklipse auftreten (wenn die Bewegung
                 nachher zu seinem normalen zurückgeht Modus).

                 ANNÄHERUNG: Großes pendula an Universitäten und Museen um
die Welt wird verwendet, um dieses
                 Experiment durchzuführen. Die Pendelbewegung wird auf
Videoband vor, während und nach den
                 Eklipsedurchläufen gespeichert. Diese Aufnahme wird dann
DIGITAL verarbeitet, um
                 Pendelpositionsdaten als Funktion der Zeit zu erhalten.

Anmerkung: es wird angenommen, daß die Bewegung des Pendels nicht für
dieses Experiment
                spezifisch gestoppt werden und in Position gebracht werden
kann. Folglich ist Bildschirm der Bewegung
                in was Fläche er auftritt, annehmbar. Jedoch wenn die
Fläche dann vorgewählt werden kann, glauben
                wir, daß die optimale Richtung der Bewegung zum Pfad der
Gesamtheit am Pendelstandort senkrecht
                sein kann. Für diesen Grund fordern wir an, daß das Pendel
eingestellt wird, um sich in diese Richtung
                zu bewegen, wenn möglich.

                Anmerkung auch die normale videokamera auf Band aufnimmt,
sollen gewöhnlich nicht lang genug den
                kompletten 6 Stunde Fall speichern. Eine Möglichkeit soll
die videokamera als Zeile benutzen, die zu
                einem videokassette Schreiber (vcr) eingegeben wird. Zu
speichern ist dann möglich, nach rechts auf
                ein langes Dauerband im vcr. Dieses hat auch den Vorteil
des Setzens des Bildschirmes direkt auf ein
                Standardbandformat. Kennzeichnen Sie bitte Ihr Band
hinsichtlich des verwendeten Formats (IE, VHS,
                Kamerad, Beta, etc.).

DAS EXPERIMENT: Jobstep 1. Bringen Sie eine videokamera über den Pfad des
Pendels in Position,
                damit es die Pendelbewegung ansieht. Justieren Sie die
Bildvergrößerung, damit die
                Bildschirmfeldgröße den Gesamtpfad des Pendels
zusammenbringt. Wenn möglich, plazieren Sie eine
                kleine (ein Durchmesser von ungefähr 3 bis 5 Zentimeter)
Bezugsmarke auf das Pendel möglichst nahe
                an der unterstützenden Leitung. Dieses wird für die
Bildübersetzung verwendet. Die Markierung kann
                ein kleines Stück des farbigen Bandes sein (wie leuchtendes
orange oder rotes Sicherheit Band)
                vorübergehend angebracht. Wenn es unmöglich ist, alles zum
Pendel anzubringen, dann speichern Sie
                außen.

                Auch zeigen Sie bitte die Richtung des zutreffenden Nordens
irgendwo in Gesichtsfeld der Kamera an.
                Wieder ist eine temporäre leuchtende Bandmarke genügend.

                Jobstep 2: Wenn vorhanden, bringen Sie eine zweite
videokamera in der Fläche des Pendels in
                Position, damit es in der Fläche des Schwingens zu der Zeit
der Gesamtheit ist.

Jobstep 3: Stellen Sie eine genaue Zeitreferenz für Ihr Messen her. Wenn
Ihre Kamera automatisch Zeit
                und Datum auf den Bildschirm speichert, stellen Sie dann
die Zeit so genau ein, wie möglich. Wenn Ihre
                Kamera nicht Zeit und Datum speichert, dann jeder Platz
eine Digitaluhr (mit den Zahlen lesbar auf der
                Kameraaufnahme) irgendwo in Gesichtsfeld der videokamera
(ohne die Pendelbewegung zu
                behinderen). Eine Alternative soll ein Audiozeitsignal von
einer genauen Zeitbezugsquelle speichern.
                Eine gesamte Zeitgenauigkeit von +/- 2 Sekunden wird
angefordert, wenn die höhere Genauigkeit,
                bevorzugt ist, wenn vorhanden.

                Jobstep 4: Stellen Sie fest, wenn Ihr Standort Gesamtheit
erfährt. Fangen Sie Aufnahmependelposition
                an und setzen Sie Zeit ungefähr 3 Stunden vor Gesamtheit
fest und setzen Sie Aufnahme 3 Stunden
                lang nach Gesamtheit fort.

                Jobstep 5: Kennzeichnen Sie das Band mit Ihrem Anstalt
Namen, Standort und Namen der
                Kontaktperson. Zusammen mit dem Band stellen Sie bitte die
Breite, die Länge und den Aufzug über
                Meeresspiegel Ihres Pendels, eine Beschreibung zur Verfügung

Jobstep 6: Schicken Sie das Band und die unterstützenden Informationen zu:

                Direktorat Des Dr. David Noever Nasa Science, Sd48, 4481
Aufbauend Marshall PlatzFlugMitte,
                Alabama 35812, USA

Dr. David Noever
NASA
Science Directorate,  SD48, Building 4481
Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812, USA
_________________

or French

PROTOCOLE EXPÉRIMENTAL POUR MESURER LE MOUVEMENT DE PENDULA

                 BUT: Le but de cette expérience est de déterminer si le
mouvement d'un pendule change pendant toute
                 l'éclipse solaire d'août 1999. Les états scientifiques
édités suggèrent que les déviations dans la
                 direction de pendule se produisent pendant une éclipse
(avec le mouvement retournant à sa "copie
                 normale" ensuite).

                 APPROCHE: Le grand pendula aux universités et aux musées
autour du monde sera employé pour
                 exécuter cette expérience. Le mouvement de pendule sera
enregistré sur bande vidéo avant, pendant,
                 et après les passages d'éclipse. Cet enregistrement alors
sera DIGITAL traité pour obtenir des données
                 de position de pendule en fonction du temps.

                 Note: on le suppose que le mouvement du pendule ne peut
pas être arrêté et placé spécifiquement pour
                 cette expérience. Par conséquent le vidéo du mouvement
dans quelqu'avion il se produise est
                 acceptable. Cependant, si l'avion peut être
pré-sélectionné alors nous croyons que la direction optima
                 du mouvement peut être perpendiculaire à la voie d'accès
de la totalité au pendant.

La note, aussi, que sur bande l'appareil-photo visuel normal enregistre ne
sont typiquement pas assez
                longue pour enregistrer l'événement complet de 6 heures.
Une possibilité doit utiliser l'appareil-photo
                visuel comme ligne entrée dans un enregistreur de cassette
vidéo (magnétoscope). Il est alors possible
                d'enregistrer bien sur une longue bande de durée dans le
magnétoscope. Ceci a également l'avantage
                de mettre le vidéo directement sur un format standard de
bande. Veuillez marquer votre bande quant au
                format utilisé (IE, VHS, pal, bêta, etc.).

                L'CExpérience: Étape 1. Placez un appareil-photo visuel
au-dessus de la voie d'accès du pendule de
                sorte qu'il visualise le mouvement de pendule. Ajustez le
rapport optique d'image de sorte que la taille
                de trame de vidéo apparie toute la voie d'accès du pendule.
Si possible, placez une petite (diamètre
                d'approximativement 3 à 5 centimètres) marque de référence
sur le pendule en tant que près du fil
                supportant que possible. Ceci sera utilisé pour le
traitement d'image. La marque peut être un petit
                morceau de bande colorée (telle que la bande orange ou
rouge brillante de sûreté) jointe
                temporairement. S' il est impossible d'attacher n'importe
quoi au pendule, alors enregistrez

Étape 2: Si disponible, placez un deuxième appareil-photo visuel dans le
plan du pendule de sorte qu'il
                soit dans le plan de l'oscillation au moment de la totalité.

                Étape 3: Établissez une référence précise de temps pour
votre mesure. Si votre appareil-photo
                enregistre automatiquement l'heure et la date sur le vidéo,
placez alors l'heure aussi exactement que
                possible. Si votre appareil-photo n'enregistre pas l'heure
et la date, puis l'un ou l'autre endroit un
                pendule à lecture digitale (avec des nombres lisibles sur
l'enregistrement d'appareil-photo) quelque
                part dans le champ visuel de l'appareil-photo visuel (sans
gêner le mouvement de pendule). Une
                alternative doit enregistrer un signal sonore de temps
d'une source précise de référence de temps. Une
                exactitude globale de temps de +/- 2 secondes est exigée,
avec une exactitude plus élevée étant
                préférée si disponible.

                Étape 4: Déterminez quand votre emplacement éprouve la
totalité. Commencez la position de pendule
                d'enregistrement et chronométrez approximativement 3 heures
avant la totalité et continuez
                l'enregistrement pendant 3 heures après la totalité.

Étape 5: Marquez la bande avec votre nom, emplacement et nom
d'établissement de personne de
                contact. Avec la bande, fournissez s'il vous plaît la
latitude, la longitude et l'altitude au-dessus du niveau
                de la mer de votre pendule, une description des aspects
physiques de votre pendule (tels que la matière
                et le poids de la boule, longueur de fil de support, la
méthode employés pour mettre à jour le
                mouvement, etc...) et le fuseau horaire du temps enregistré
(le UTC est préféré).

                Étape 6: Envoyez la bande et l'information supportante à:

                La Direction De Dr. David Noever Nasa Le Science, Sd48,
Construisant 4481 Rassemblent Le Centre
                De Vol spatial, Alabama 35812, Les Etats-Unis

Dr. David Noever
NASA
Science Directorate,  SD48, Building 4481
Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812, USA


The long version is attached below if further reference or history of interest.

This response below is far more than any single person would want to know
about the August 11 solar eclipse-gravity experiments. (Near the end, I
attach the July 2 Science article description).

I provide this as background.

The various explanations can be considered afterwards if there is anything
to explain.

The issue of whether it is an advantage to be in the path of totatity for
the eclipse (far NE America, Europe to Asia) is an open one, since it
hinges on the resolution of the method used and the cause of any anomaly.
The resolution is high enough for milli-Gal resolution certainly, and the
cause is unknown.

I suppose if forced to make a prediction, I would say that static (null)
gravimeters will not show an effect (interesting in its own right) but that
dynamic measurements (moving parts) may have some firm historical
precedents.

I'll followup with time tables in detail and any additional notes about
operation.

Thanks again for your preprint reference. This observation on 11 August is
only a minor excursion for our ongoing research.

David

___________

For the simple pendulum (wire and ball, with two modes, one a vertical
swing, the other a horizontal rotation).

An 8-10 second period would have a predicted 13.5 degree excursion, which
is highly visible and persistent over the eclipse, even when (or
particularly because) the rotation itself is 10 degrees per hour from earth
rotation and Foucault effect. Note that prior to the World's Fair in Paris,
nobody thought that earth's rotation could ever be detected in this way,
which is why a demonstration was arranged.

The Foucault effect itself is 3 micro-G and considered an inspiration to
Mach's principle and inertial physics; and if true, the August 11 anomalies
for the eclipse would be consistent with previous reports in the range of 5
micro-G, so it is not trivial, either in its comparative value or in its
observational values (13.5 degree backward shift in angle of planar swing;
note this is clockwise turn seen from above in the N. Hemisphere and has
around 10 degrees per hour rotation at mid-latitudes; the period by
location is easy to calculate as [24 hours/sin (latitude)], so it is 24
hours approx. at the pole, and infinite at the equator).

As is, the signal to noise ratio was reported as 12.5 (sigma values,
uncertainties) or higher and coincident at least 4 different observational
years with the onset of the eclipse separated over at least a 17-30 year
span.

This 13.5 degree backward excursion in the angular plane persisted
throughout 2.5 hours of observations, repeated 3 times in 2 locations in
1954 and 1959 in France, repeated again in 1981 in Romania, repeated again
using a torsion pendulum in 1970 eclipse at Harvard, then also refuted in
1954 in Shetland, Scotland using static gravimeters, and in 1965 in
Trieste,  and not observed in 1990 Finland eclipse using torsion pendulum.

You would have to go to Allais' 1988 Nobel autobiographical lecture to hear
the scientific challenge here: "During the total eclipses of the sun on
June 30, 1954, and October 22, 1959, quite analogous deviations of the
plane of oscillation of the paraconical pendulum were observed...With
regard to all these results as well as to their analysis I can make a
prediction..."

Well, good luck.

In an American J. of Physics (58, 530, 1990; G.T. Gillies) review, the
summary of Allais' work reads: "A physicist (who later won a Nobel prize in
economics) finds a gravitational anisotropy at the level of 5 micro-G.
(5x10^-6 G)."

Additional modern review article's opinion of the 6 notes in the French
Academy of Science (Allais, CRAS) and the followup Physical Review D
article (Saxl and Allen, confirming periodic changes in a torsion pendulum,
1970 eclipse in Boston):

"There is considerable interest in gravitation...but experiments are
difficult, and a great deal of work done in the past, some of it very
careful and still valuable, is rather inaccessible...the results of Allais,
and later, Saxl and Allen, are seldom discussed."

So we currently have the following datasets that could be coming in:
1) February 1999 eclipse data over S. Hemisphere (unanalyzed so far)
2) 4 gravimeters of similar high resolution in Abu Dabi, running along in
the path of totality
3) 1 gravimeter, Huntsville
4) 2 borehole gravimeters (Denver, Edcon)
5) 1 absolute gravimeter (falling mass, laser system; Micro-G Solutions,
Boulder)


If people also wants to take some measurements with a torsion balance, this
is the summary of how it has worked historically and some refinements.

If you want to see what one of these Foucault anomalies looks like on a
graph, you can also go to the Department of Physics, Univ. Guelph, site:
http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/foucault6.html

As to the all important question of why?, consider how the observers put it.
The prevailing interpretation by the original experimenters were that:

1) Allais attributed effects to anisotropy in space itself (1997 with 750
page long French book titled "The Anisotropy of Space")
2) In a followup comment (1960), Flynt attributed the pendulum effects to
blocking solar radiation pressure, but with the subtlety of harmonic
effects because of the shifted coincidence between early onset of pendulum
changes and later trailing off during late stages of eclipse
3) Saxl and Allen (1971) attributed effects to fine structure and
gravitational wave detection, but conclude that these effects (as seen over
17 years at Harvard on a torsional balance) require a dynamic, moving test
mass to reveal any effects.


There is detailed geographic information on the path of totality for the
eclipse on August 11:

Try first at NASA/Goddard
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/eclipse.html

and
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/TSE1999/TSE1999.html

A small N. Atlantic segment is shown at:

http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast17jun99_1.htm

Nova Scotia is one of the earlier totality regions; NY itself may see at
dawn an approximate 30% coverage of the solar disk.


Note that the only two long-term Foucault pendulum observations are from K.
Onnes (discovered superconductivity, Nobel Physics, 1913, for mercury, and
later tin and lead) and M. Allais (eclipse anomaly, Nobel Economics, 1988).

 Foucault himself although engaged in many spectacular demonstrations from
the 1851 World's Fair onwards, never published long-term raw data.

An interesting aside here on Onnes was that he was the student of Kirchhoff
(famous electrical circuit rules), and is credited with "theoretical as
well as experimental proof that Foucault's well-known pendulum experiment
should be considered as a special case of a large group of phenomena which
in a much simpler fashion can be used to prove the rotational movement of
the earth."

Onnes had a famous motto: "Door meten tot weten" (Knowledge through
measurement)


Allais' Challenge to the Scientific Community,

Maurice Allais' Nobel Autobiographical Lecture, 1988

"During the total eclipses of the sun on June 30, 1954, and October 22,
1959, quite analogous deviations of the plane of oscillation of the
paraconical pendulum were observed...With regard to all these results as
well as to their analysis I can make a prediction: if, without
interruption, for at least one month, in the same place and at the same
time, observations of the movement of the paraconical pendulum are made,
together with optical sightings such as those I made, as well as a
repetition of the Michelson-Morley (1887) and Miller (1925)
experiments.. it will be found that the effects observed by Miller in
1925 correspond to the anomalies in the movement of the paraconical
pendulum and the anomalies of the optical sightings which I observed."

Original sources were reported in six notes of the French Academy of
Sciences: C.R.A.S. 245, 1875; 245, 2001; 244, 2469; 245, 2467;245;2170.
The American Institute of Aeronautical Sciences, at the recommendation of
Wernher von Braun, published in English in Aero/Space Engineering,
September and October, 1959 (18, (9) and (10).

Repetitions Over Time and Separated Distances

"Two identical installations at St. Germain and Bougival, in an
underground gallery (57 m deep) show that the previously observed
anomalies are still present." M. Allais, Aero/Space Engineering, Nov. 1959,
p. 55

Modern Repetitions by Independent Groups

"A number of observations were made of the behavior of a Foucault
pendulum during the eclipse of the Sun of 15 February 1981. ..A similar
result concerning a shift of the oscillation plane on 30 June 1954 was
seen by Prof. Maurice Allais at St. Germain-Laye. ..These experiments
should be repeated during other total eclipses of the sun." G.T. Jeverdan,
Rusu, G.I. and Antonesco, "Experiments Using the Foucault Pendulum During
the Solar Eclipse of 15 February, 1981", Bib. Astronomer, 1:18 (1981)

The Eclipse in Detail as seen by a Foucault Pendulum

In 1997, Allais published a 750-page book, The Anisotrophy of Space
(Paris: Edition Clement Juglar) in which he gives a general and complete
presentation of his experimental and theoretical research.

"..an abnormal lunar and solar influence also became apparent in the
form of a remarkable disturbance of the motions of the paraconical
pendulum during the total solar eclipse of June 30, 1954. The plane of
the oscillation of the paraconical pendulum shifted approximately 15
centesimal degrees during the eclipse. An azimuth curve traced for the
period extending from June 28, 1954 (8 p.m.) to July 1, 1954 (4 p.m.).
Just at the beginning of the eclipse, the azimuth of the plane of
oscillation suddenly was raised 5 centisimal degrees above the trend
which first characterized its mothion. Twenty minutes before the maximum
of the eclipse, which was recorded at 12:40, the deviation reached a
maximum of 15 centisimal degrees and then decreased progressively...it
is notable that nothing in the branch of the azimuth curve which
precedes the time corresponding to the center of symmetry is in any way
comparable to the very strong deviation noted during the eclipse. It
must be further underscored that during all continuous observation
periods, no variation of the azimuth curve similar to that corresponding
to the solar eclipse of June 30, 1954, was ever observed.  ..The order
of magnitude is that of the Foucault effect, which , in the case of the
pendulum used, is itself some 3 micro-G (10^-6 dg/g)...In the field of
astronomy, where planetary motion is dealt with, it is therefore
necessary to match them with forces, the integral of which would add up
to zero over the path of these planets. ..From this it will be seen that
the abnormalities that have been revealed do not in any fashion run
contrary to the earlier experimental data, either on the surface of the
earth or even in the field of astronomy."

M. Allais, Aero/Space Engineering, Sept. 1959, p. 46-52; Aero/Space
Engineering, Oct. 1959, p. 51-55; Aero/Space Engineering, Nov. 1959, p.
55; C.R.A.S. (Fr.), 247,1958, p. 1428; ibid, p. 2284; C.R.A.S. (Fr.),
248,1959, p. 764; ibid, p. 359

There is no doubt an impressive lineage in peer review and laureates
involved here.

Here are some further into how others have interpreted the Allais' pendulum
results.

Engineering of Foucault pendulum

"The very best study by far, both from the experimental and theoretical
standpoints, is that of (Nobel Laureate) Kamerlingh Onnes. ..To my
knowledge the motion of the Foucault pendulum never was observed
continuously, day and night, over a period of time of about a month.
Foucault himself never published the results of his findings other than
in a general form." M. Allais, Aero/Space Engineering, Sept. 1959, p. 46-52

Some of the counterarguments are summarized at the end of this list in
references.

Experimental details
Prior to the eclipse onset, the deviation in the trend line never exceeded
1.2 centisimal degrees, yielding a sigma value of 12.5 in the signal to
noise ratio. Simultaneous with the onset of the eclipse, the plane of
oscillation shifted 5 centisimal degrees above the trend line support  for
the Foucault  effect generally, when that trend was centered over a 12 hour
time series in azimuths and the eclipse maximum.

The pendulum itself was released from a resting position every 20 minutes,
and its motion observed for about 14 minutes. The release  amplitude for
the pendulum was 0.11 radians, and initiated by the burning of a thread.
After 14 minutes, the pendulum was stopped and it was again released in the
plane of the last observed  azimuth.  The releases continued every 20
minutes, day and night, such that 72 series of connected azimuth
observations correspond within each 24-hour period.  The motion was
observed with an aiming system (needle) placed on a circle centered on the
vertical axis of the pendulum, as defined at rest, with a scale graduated
in centisimal degrees.  The precision in determining the plane of
oscillation was estimated at  0.1 centisimal degrees. The curves analyzed
show the successive azimuths  observed over time (degrees). Each data point
represents the release azimuth corresponding to eac h series of 14-minute
observations. The Foucault  effects (at latitude  )are 0.209/minute. In the
centisimal system of measuring angles, the right angle is divided into 100
degrees, each degree into 100 minutes, and each minute into 100 seconds. In
French, a centisimal degree is a grade.  One  centisimal degree thus equals
0.9 (90/100) degrees as defined based on 360 equi-divisions of a circle.

Pendulum description
An asymmetrical , paraconical pendulum was used with components: 1)
vertical bronze disc weighing 7.5 kg, attached to a bronze  rod hung from a
bronze stirrup; 2) the stirrup rests on a 6.5 mm diameter steel ball, which
is free to roll in any direction in the horizontal plane. To rule out any
systematic effect, the steel ball was changed after each 20 minute
experiment. and other contact surfaces that might show wear or
time-dependent anomalies were changed weekly during extended observations.
While in motion, the pendulum can rotate over a total angle of 210
centisimal degrees.  The pendulum rod and its stirrup weighed 4.5 kg, such
that the pendulum's total weight was 12 kg with equivalent  pendulum length
of approximately 83 cm. The steel balls were high precision bearing
surfaces of tungsten carbide and cobalt.

The geographic coordinates were (), with the pendulum's  center of gravity
1.5 m below ground (basement location).

The tangent  to the mean correspond to the 2,160 time series of 14-minute
elementary observations making up the monthly series for June-July 1955,
and accurately reflect the Foucault effect.

Rotation of the pendulum's plane during the total solar eclipse of June 30,
1954.

Azimuths of the pendulum were observed from June 28, 8 p.m. to July 1, 4
a.m. A spike was observed at the onset of the eclipse, with the plane of
oscillation shifted approximately 15 centisimal degrees  [(185-170) maximum
displacement from Foucault angular  trend line], or 13.5 degrees [0.24
radians].

 Prior to the eclipse onset, the deviation in the trend line never exceeded
1.2 centisimal degrees, yielding a sigma of 12.5 in the signal to noise
ratio. Simultaneous with the onset of the eclipse, the plane of oscillation
shifted 5 centisimal degrees above the trend line support  for the Foucault
effect generally, when that trend was centered over a 12 hour time series
in azimuths and the eclipse maximum.  This excursion in the angular plane
persisted throughout 2.5 hours of observations.

1) Much complex description goes into 'asymmetrical paraconical' aspects,
etc.--, but the Foucault effect is visible simply by a wire and bob--the
longer the wire, the better.

2) While systematic errors can be introduced by the mode of suspension
(friction), any universal joint here works, if rotation is possible. The
pendulum at the UN Building (NY) for example is a steel claw which bites
into a 2.5 mm wire. The claw is hinged on  a universal joint. If you are
willing to reset it occasionally, then this need not be complicated.

3) The motor drive (to overcome air resistance) does not drive the joint
itself, but instead the bob end. In the UN pendulum case again, the wire is
around 60 feet, so obviously this cannot be pushed from a hinge with a
non-rigid wire. The usual way to drive these is eddy currents--a ring is
placed at the bob end which gets pulses of AC current. An embedded copper
plate in the bob itself, then gets a phase kick and the bob goes back and
forth without supervision.

All this last stuff is to say that continuous, unsupervised operation is
complex. If on the other hand someone lets the pendulum go every 20 minutes
for maybe 4 hours or so, then all these problems are just a wire and
weight.

So how long of a wire and how much weight? Like all pendulum, simple or
otherwise, they are linear for small displacements. So for example, the UN
has a 200 pound ball suspended from 60 feet and it takes around 10 seconds
to complete a swing. The length to amplitude ratio is around 20. So about a
3 foot swing in a 60 foot wire. I could imagine having a weight with a hook
eye on it. A thread is tied to a object (file cabinet drawer handle?) to
the side and after about 20 minutes, then the pendulum is stopped, a new
thread is tied and burned for the moment of release.

That is the idea which if of interest, would require some considerable
refinements.


The short version of this long note is that it may truly take a dynamic
measurement to uncover anything on 11 August eclipse, meaning that
gravimeter is stationary reading (null measurement).


The explanation offered for ignoring them is that more sensitive techniques
have not confirmed any anomaly, which is perhaps an overstatement since
sensitivity in a 13 degree angular change is not the issue and because it
may take a non-static test method. This dismissal looks more like a charge
of systematic error, but as reported by 3 different scientists (at least)
separated by 3 eclipses (17 years) and at least 4 separate observational
opportunities.

Clearly however viewed, it is a category one mystery.

Explanations
1) blocking of solar radiation pressure as a variable force on the earth's
mass.  "very minute" earth oscillation modes from glancing radiation
(outside the path of totality) which "would generate a disturbing torque at
right angles to the earth's axis. Professor Allais' pendulum--if oriented
in the a plane sensitive to angular rotation--could have detected this.."

quote from, F.V. Flynt, "Comment", Aerospace Engineering May 1960, p. 113

Note that Flynt further argues that based on earth-moon mass ratios, the
displacement between the earth's central axis and the earth-moon two body
axis of rotation generates small centrifugal forces. This becomes not only
a limitation, in his opinion, to why Newtonian gravititational constant
measured terrestrially is known to within only 3-4 significant figures, but
also why high precision measurements in 8-10 digits are mutually exclusive
of each other depending on location, time in earth's rotation and
moon-earth positions. (It is a fact that these different measurement
exclude each other within their reported precision, but hard to imagine
that JPL orbital calculation programs, for instance, are not flagging the
two-and three-body corrections well beyond imagineable marks like this.
Anyway, FYI on this unrelated observation to the radiation pressure
discussion and right angle torquing in the plane of the pendulum based on
diffraction like effects).

___________________

So Allais reports two different eclipses, with the same result basically in
3 locations. The pendulum changes its angle of rotation by 13.5 degrees
maximum, then returns to normal rotation (Foucault effect, 0.19
degrees/minute) in the ensuing (and preceding) hours.

A somewhat strange paper reports same thing for a 1981 eclipse, later
writing in a footnote that after recording their deviations in the Foucault
pendulum, they uncovered the Allais observations (read: they weren't
looking for it).

Here is perhaps the strangest report from a very good journal (Physical
Review D3, (1971) 823, saying basically the same result with a torsion
pendulum. This is E.J. Saxl and M. Allen, "1970 Solar Eclipse as 'Seen" by
a Torsional Pendulum."

2) The explanation proposed: "may indicate a kind of gravitational fine
structure," or diffraction-like higher harmonics.

They argue that these effects manifest as 'apparent wavelike structure
observed over the course of many years at our Harvard laboratory. It cannot
be predicted on the basis of classical gravitational theory nor has it been
observed i the quasistationary experiments underlying this theory (e.g.
spring-operated gravimeters, seismographs, and interferometer devices)."

In other words, their belief is that it requires moving parts, or dynamic
measurements to reveal this.

While it would be tempting to attribute the alignment of positions to the
added vs. subtracted mass of the moon+sun side (during eclipse) and the
moon-sun side (2 weeks later) as having some particular role, they note
that classical calculations would show that the maximum such difference
involves no more than 16 micro-g variation for any given site on earth, vs.
their abrupt period change in the torsional behavior that is 5 orders of
magnitude higher based on any gravitational increase in the tension on the
pendulum wire (an extension equivalent to 1.2 kg increase in the 23.4 kg
weight (5% change)).

They conclude that "this agrees qualitatively (including the early onset of
the timing of the signal in the eclipse) with the work of Allais with a
paraconical (Foucault) pendulum. There the change of azimuth increased
substantially in the first half of the eclipse of 30 June 1954. Both these
effects would seem to have a gravitational basis which cannot be explained
by any accepted classical theory...This leads to the same conclusion
arrived at by Allais.."

The particulars:

The eclipse was 7 March 1970, recorded at Harvard. The torsion pendulum is
a rod  horizontal with two test masses (Cavendish balance) or torus (in
Saxl case, the torus donut shape is the mass oscillating) and the
centerpoint suspended by a fine quartz or coated conducting thread which
oscillates the the total weight in a plane. Saxl and Allen measure the time
for the clockwise and counterclockwise (back and forth) motion on its first
swing from rest. Variations in this time are observed during the eclipse,
with reference to Allais' results. The timing itself is automated and
digitally recorded from a mirror attached to the rod and signalling to a
photocell device. The path traversed is a constant fixed part. They also
report 'qualitative agreement with other eclipses" using their torsion
device, but only with automatic timing and non-ferrous/non-metallic parts
for the quantitative tests. Temperature control on their 'isoelastic'
Ni-Span "C" suspension wire was 21.7+0.6 C. This wire was kept under
constant load (for 17 years!) to avoid possible material load creep or
deviations from equilibrium. It s operative baseline was established 6.25 h
prior to the eclipse onset for comparison and run-in the wire to avoid
mechanical hysteresis, or stability, slippage problems. The pendulum was
grounded and charged to 4900 V for comparison of EM effects or artifacts.

The eclipse was around 96.5% total for Boston, with constant angle rotation
recorded from 10:15 am to 3:40 pm. An average of 5 consecutive (grounded
electrical) were recorded and averaged to give deviations (period, 29
seconds, integration time per average data point, 2.5 minutes, or 5 periods
of oscillation). In their observations, a 0.0372% increase in the period
(29.570 second baseline) is seen to begin its rise with the eclipse onset,
peak just after the eclipse maximum (29.581 second max.) and then decrease
to an offset value. The resolution for times are 10 microseconds and 100
microsecond significant digits--this would correspond to a sigma for signal
to noise ratio of around 31 or higher. Without any 5 period averaging, the
precision of the quartz-crystal timer itself is far higher, 10 parts per
billion.

They conclude finally "The findings with the torsion pendulum, the
significant mass of which moves perpendicularly to the geogravitic vector,
seem to indicate the possibility of a fine structure in these observations
neither predicted nor recorded using the orthodox methods of
quasistationary gravitational investigations."

References:
1) M. Allais, French Academy of Sciences: C.R.A.S. (1959)  245, 1875; 245,
2001; 244, 2469; 245, 2467;245;2170; in English in Aero/Space Engineering,
September and October, 1959 (18, (9) and (10).
2) F. Flynt, Comment, Aero/Space Engineering, May 1960
3) E. Saxl And M Allen, Phys. Rev. D3; 823, 1971
4) J. Haringx and H. Suchtelen, Phillips Technical Review, 19, 236, (1957/8)
5) G. Gillies, Metrologia, 24 (Suppl) 1-56 (1987)
6) L.B. Slichter, M. Caputo, and C.L Hager, J. Geophys. REs. 70(6),
1541-1551 (1965). The large, Trieste horizontal pendulums and a La Coste
gravimeter are used to test a limit of g=gn(1-2.5x10^-13) on the variation
of gravity due to shielding of the Sun by the Moon during a solar eclipse."


Space Shuttle and NASA Experimental Methods

Avron,Y., Livio, M. "Considerations regarding a space-shuttle
measurement of the gravitational constant," Astrophys. J., 304, L61-L64,
(1986).

Esposito, P.B. "Evaluation of the geocentric gravitional constant from
(Mars) Viking doppler and range data," J. Geophys. Res. 84: 3654-3658
(1979).

Farinella, P., Milani, A., Nobili, A.M. "The measurement of the
gravitional constant in an orbiting laboratory," Astrophys. Space Sci.
73: 417-433 (1980)



Gravitometers During Solar Eclipses

Dobrokhotov, U.S., Parisky, N., and Lysenko, V. "Observations of tidal
variations of gravity in Kiev during the solar eclipse on Feb. 15,
1961", Symp. Intern. Marees, Terestres, 4th, Comm. Obs. Roy. Belg. Ser.
Geophys., 58, 66-67, 1961.

Tomaschek, R. "Tidal gravity measurements in the Shetlands, effect of
the total eclipse of June 30, 1954, Nature, 175, 937-942 (1955)
Schlichter, L.B., Caputo, M. and Hager, C. J. Geophys. Res. 70: 1541
(1965)

Stacey, F.D. and Tuck, G.J., "Geophysical Evidence for Non-Newtonian
Gravity," Nature, 292: 230 (1981)


Tidal Correction Terms

Longman, I.M. Formulas for Computing the Tidal Accelerations Due to the
Moon and Sun, J. Geophys. Res. 64:2351 (1959)

Adamuti, I.A., Il Nuovo Cimento, 5C, 189 (1982)

Engineering of Foucault pendulum

Crane, H. R. "Foucault pendulum 'wall clock', Amer. J. Phys. 62, 33
(1995); note, Crane received 1988 Phillips Award, for his 'unusually
broad, deep, and persistent service to the physics education community.'

_____________________

The Dark Side of Gravity

Volume 285, Number 5424, Issue of 2 July 1999
©1999 by The American Association for the Advancement of Science.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol285/issue5424/sindex.shtml

Text of article is:

The Dark Side of Gravity
Is gravity on Earth affected by a solar eclipse? Old observations of
strange behavior from a Foucault pendulum have persuaded NASA scientists to
test the notion during the total solar eclipse that will happen on 11
August.

The Foucault pendulum, invented in 1851 by French astronomer Jean Bernard
Leon Foucault, was the first instrument that could demonstrate Earth's
rotation without reference to the stars. The swing direction of the long
pendulum remains constant as Earth rotates underneath it, which means its
path appears to move,
traveling a full circle every 24 hours at the poles and taking longer
closer to the equator (32 hours in Paris, for example).

Maurice Allais, an amateur astronomer and 1988 economics Nobelist, claimed
to find what he called "remarkable anomalies" in a Foucault pendulum's
swing at his Paris laboratory during the total solar eclipses of 1954 and
1959. During one eclipse, he measured a slight deviation --an extra 0.15
degree--in movement of the plane under the pendulum's swing, indicating the
pendulum was speeding up slightly. This implied a tiny (3 millionths of 1g)
increase in Earth's gravity field. His published report, "Should the Laws
of Gravitation Be Reconsidered?" lay in obscurity until recently, when David
Noever of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, was
rummaging through the Web for information relating to his work on
gravity.

Now Noever and colleague Ron Koczor plan to use a state-of-the-art gravity
sensor to test Allais's observation during the upcoming eclipse. The NASA
team will compare their results with a similar test by Edcon Inc., a
gravitometer manufacturer in Denver, as well as observations at Foucault
pendulums in Europe that lie in the path of the eclipse.

The duo doubts they will find the eclipse anomaly. Still, says Noever,
"Allais could have stumbled onto something important." Possible
explanations are
highly speculative, ranging from quantum fluctuations in the vacuum of
space to radiation pressure changes from the blockage of sunlight.

______________________________



Null result on torsion pendulum

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1991fnps.conf.....U&db_key=AST&high=37692492d311278

                         The 1990 solar eclipse as seen by a torsion pendulum
 Authors:

                         ULLAKKO, K.; LIU, YONG; XIE, ZELIANG
 Affiliation:

                         Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo (Finland).
 Journal:

                         In Oulu Univ., Proceedings of the 25th Annual
Conference of the Finnish Physical Society 1 p (SEE
                         N92-10362 01-70)
 Publication Date:

                         00/1991
 Category:

                         Solar Physics
 Origin:

                         STI
 NASA/STI Keywords:

                         FINLAND, PENDULUMS, SOLAR ECLIPSES, TORSION,
TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS,
                         TORSIONAL VIBRATION
 Bibliographic Code:

                         1991fnps.conf.....U


                                                Abstract

In July 1990 there was a total solar eclipse in Helsinki, Finland. The
results of Saxl and Allen, made at Harvard University (U.S.)
during the total solar eclipse in March 1970, were tested using equipment
which was quite similar to that used in Harvard. Because
the possible effects were expected to be extremely small, special attention
was paid to avoid vibrations of the surroundings. Also the
temperature of the equipment was controlled in order to eliminate changes
of temperature due to thermal expansion of the bars of the
pendulum and the suspension wire. Ten times better resolution than Saxl and
Allen was achieved. Four measurements, each lasting
nine hours, were performed during the night preceding the eclipse, during
the eclipse and the night after the eclipse and two weeks
after the eclipse. In the limits of errors no effects were observed. The
origin of the effects reported by Saxl and Allen must have been
in the experimental system.


Periodic solar influence on torsion pendulum

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1977PrTGE...8..201K&db_key=AST&high=37692492d311715

Title:

                         Effect of solar rotation on free vibrations of a
torsional pendulum
 Authors:

                         KOLESNIKOVA, E. M.; KOLESNIKOV, S. M.
 Journal:

                         Problemy Teorii Gravitatsii i Elementarnykh
Chastits, no. 8, 1977, p. 201-214. In Russian.
 Publication Date:

                         00/1977
 Category:

                         Solar Physics
 Origin:

                         STI
 NASA/STI Keywords:

                         FREE VIBRATION, PENDULUMS, SOLAR ROTATION,
AUTOCORRELATION,
                         GEOMAGNETISM, MECHANICAL OSCILLATORS, TWENTY-SEVEN
DAY VARIATION
 Bibliographic Code:

                         1977PrTGE...8..201K


                                               Abstract

Results are presented for one year of continuous measurements of the
free-vibration amplitudes of a torsional pendulum, which
reveal 27-day variations correlated with solar rotation. It is shown that
the observed variations are not connected with either
geomagnetic disturbances or solar activity as given by Wolf sunspot
numbers. An autocorrelation analysis of the measured
free-vibration amplitudes is performed, and peaks in the autocorrelation
coefficient are found at periods of 27, 28, and 30 days,
which indicates the effect of a perturbation with a slowly varying period.
It is proposed that the rotation of solar active regions
responsible for forming the boundaries of the interplanetary-magnetic-field
sector structure affects the free vibration of the
torsional pendulum and that the limb passage of these regions subjects the
earth to the same forces as those which accompany the
swinging of a low-frequency mechanical oscillator. The behavior of a
one-dimensional mechanical oscillator exposed to random
parametric perturbations is analyzed.


http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1991AcASn..32....1G&db_key=AST&high=37692492d311715
Title:

                      INSPECTING THE PERIOD CHANGES OF THE TORSION PENDULUM
DURING SOLAR
                      AND LUNAR ECLIPSES
 Authors:

                      GUAN, T.R.; HU, E.K.
 Journal:

                      ACTA ASTRONOMICA SINICA V.32:1, P. 1, 1991
 Publication Date:

                      03/1991
 Origin:

                      KNUDSEN
 Bibliographic Code:

                      1991AcASn..32....1G

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1975PrTGE...6..205S&db_key=AST&high=37692492d311715

 Title:

                         A method for detecting gravitational waves with
the aid of torsion pendulums
 Authors:

                         SHIROKOV, M. F.; BONDAREV, B. V.
 Journal:

                         Problemy Teorii Gravitatsii i Elementarnykh
Chastits, no. 6, 1975, p. 205, 206. In Russian.
 Publication Date:

                         00/1975
 Category:

                         Astrophysics
 Origin:

                         STI
 NASA/STI Keywords:

                         GRAVIMETRY, GRAVITATIONAL WAVES, PENDULUMS,
TORSIONAL VIBRATION,
                         SEISMIC WAVES, TORQUE, WAVE EQUATIONS
 Bibliographic Code:

                         1975PrTGE...6..205S


                                               Abstract

The paper considers two identical torsion pendulums whose beams form a
right angle. It is shown that the rotational moments
caused by some gravitational wave will be equal in magnitude, but opposite
in direction. It is concluded that this peculiar effect
may be exploited to distinguish the response of a detector to gravitational
radiation against a background of oscillations due to
seismic events or other causes.

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1982NCimC...5..189A&db_key=AST&high=37692492d317442

 Title:

                         The screen effect of the earth in the TETG -
Theory of a screening experiment of a sample body at
                         the equator, using the earth as a screen
 Authors:

                         ADAMUTI, I. A.
 Affiliation:

                         AA(Institutul de Cercetari si Proiectari Pentru
Industria Electrotehnica, Bucharest, Rumania)
 Journal:

                         Nuovo Cimento C, Serie 1, vol. 5C, Mar.-Apr. 1982,
p. 189-208.
 Publication Date:

                         04/1982
 Category:

                         Astrophysics
 Origin:

                         STI
 NASA/STI Keywords:

                         ANGULAR ACCELERATION, EARTH SURFACE, ELECTRIC
FIELDS, PLANETARY
                         GRAVITATION, SCREEN EFFECT, SOLAR GRAVITATION,
THERMODYNAMICS,
                         CENTRIFUGAL FORCE, DIURNAL VARIATIONS, EARTH
ROTATION, EQUATORS,
                         NEWTON THEORY
 Bibliographic Code:

                         1982NCimC...5..189A


                                               Abstract

The acceleration of gravity, g, is calculated at the same point on the
earth's surface for the cases of the equator at midday and at
midnight. The calculations are for an ellipsoid of revolution of the earth
around an axis projected from the plane of the equator.
Values of g are calculated in terms of the Newton and
electrothermodynamical theories, for the earth, sun, and the centrifugal
rotation and revolution of the earth. The results are presented in tabular
form for the midday and midnight cases, and calculations
are conducted to verify the total differences between the two points, for
the two theoretical frameworks, by means of a pendulum
and a ballistic gravimeter.


http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1976GBzG...85..513T&db_key=AST&high=37692492d317442

 Title:

                         Bottlinger's and Majorana's absorption of the
gravitational force and the tide-generating forces
 Authors:

                         TREDER, H.-J.
 Affiliation:

                         AA(Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Sternwarte, Babelsberg, East Germany)
 Journal:

                         Gerlands Beitraege zur Geophysik, vol. 85, no. 6,
1976, p. 513-520. In German.
 Publication Date:

                         00/1976
 Category:

                         Astrophysics
 Origin:

                         STI
 NASA/STI Keywords:

                         EARTH-MOON SYSTEM, GRAVITATION THEORY, NEWTON
THEORY, TIDES,
                         ABSORPTANCE, CELESTIAL MECHANICS, NEUTRON STARS,
PENDULUMS
 Bibliographic Code:

                         1976GBzG...85..513T


                                               Abstract

Classical theories concerning the mechanical shielding of gravitation and a
theory developed by Riemann (1850/51) lead to a
modification of Newton's law of gravitation. Such modified relations are
provided by gravitation laws reported by Seeliger (1895,
1909) and Majorana (1920). Seeliger's modification leads according to
Bottlinger (1912) to fluctuations of the length of the moon
in connection with the lunar eclipse. Values for the constant k of
Majorana's relation are discussed, taking into account
experimental determinations of higher accuracy on the basis of measurements
of the tide-generating forces and a utilization of
stellar relations.

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1997grgp.conf..451D&db_key=AST&high=37692492d317442

Title:

                      PLANNING TO MEASURE G WITH A PENDULUM
 Authors:

                      DE MARCHI, A.; ORTOLANO, M.; PERIALE, F.; RUBIOLA, E.
 Journal:

                      General Relativity and Gravitational Physics;
Proceedings of the 12th Italian Conference, edited by
                      M. Bassan, V. Ferrari, M. Francaviglia, F. Fucito,
and I. Modena. World Scientific Press, 1997.,
                      p.451
 Publication Date:

                      00/1997
 Origin:

                      ADS
 Bibliographic Code:

                      1997grgp.conf..451D
 

 

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180

Subject: PROTOCOLLO SPERIMENTALE PER LA MISURAZIONE DEL MOVIMENTO DIPENDULA

 

>Date: Fri, 23 Jul 1999 11:00:22 -0600

>To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

>From: David Noever <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

>Subject: PROTOCOLLO SPERIMENTALE PER LA MISURAZIONE DEL MOVIMENTO DI PENDUL=

A

>Cc:

>Bcc:

>X-Attachments:

>

This would seem to support the idea that some good progress can be made by

observing the variation in a stationary weight-pendulum. You would want to

see if the support itself shows variation due to modes of the earth

changing the vertical through tiny oscillations in itself.  

 

David

 

>***
>
>(1) M. Allais, Mouvements du pendule paraconique et éclipse totale de
>soleil du 30 juin 1954,
>C. R. Acad. Sci., 245, 2001-2003, 1957.
>(2) M. Allais, Unpublished work, 1959, cited in reference [3].
>(3) M. Allais, L'anisotropie de l'espace, Clément Juglar, Paris, 1997.
>(4) L. A. Savrov, Experiment with paraconic pendulums during the november
>3, 1994 solar
>eclipse in Brazil, Measurement Techniques, 40 (6), 511-516, 1997.
>(5) E. J. Saxl and M. Allen, 1970 solar eclipse as 'seen' by a torsion
>pendulum, Phys. Rev. D,
>3, 823-825, 1971.
>(6) T. Kuusela, Effect of the solar eclipse on the period of a torsion
>pendulum, Phys. Rev. D,
>43(6), 2041-2043, 1991.
>(7) T. Kuusela, New measurements with a torsion pendulum during the solar
>eclipse, General
>Relativity and Gravitation, 4, 543-550, 1992.
>(8) L. Jun, L. Jianguo, Z. Xuerong, V. Liakhovets, M. Lomonosov and A.
>Ragyn, Observation
>of 1990 solar eclipse by a torsion pendulum, Phys. Rev. D, 44(8),
>2611-2613, 1991.
>(9) D. C. Mishra, M. B. S. Vyaghreswara Rao, Temporal variation in gravity
>field
>during solar eclipse on 24 October 1995, Current Science, 72(11), 782-783,
>1997.
>(10) In this point of view, the usual gravitational field can be
>considered as the product of the
>flux of graviton momentum from the Sun and the cross-section s. Each of
>these factors is
>then undetermined, only their product is fixed.
>(11) Note, however, that Mishra et al., who recorded the gravity field
>intensity during the
>October 1995 eclipse (9), observed one significant oscillation just before
>the eclipse, which is
>very reminiscent of Saxl and Allen's oscillations. The amplitude of the
>effect was about
>$10mgal=10-7m/s2 and it lasted for somewhat more than half an hour.
>J. GUERIN et al. SOLAR ECLIPSE AND PENDULUM 6
>
>The solar eclipse and the pendulum : need for experiments
>
>J. Guérin(1) and C. Gay(2)
>(1) 94 Boulevard Maurice Barrès, 92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
>(2) Laboratoire CNRS - Elf Atochem (UMR 167), 95, rue Danton, B.P.108,
>92303 Levallois-Perret cedex, France, cgay@pobox.com
>
>PACS :
>PACS :
>PACS :
>
>Abstract
>We discuss experiments reported by various authors concerning the
>perturbed motion of
>paraconic and torsion penduli during solar eclipses in the last decades.
>We argue that the
>conclusive and non-conclusive results might all proceed from a
>low-frequency tilt of the
>apparent vertical direction during the eclipse. Very simple devices,
>including penduli at rest
>or existing seismographs or gravimeters, could provide an easier, more
>reliable test.
>Experiments with paraconic and torsion penduli could also be made more
>sensitive to such a
>tilt. We discuss various effects, and none of them appears to account for
>this tilt, which still
>remains a mystery.
>
>
>Introduction
>Total Solar eclipses, such as that on August 11th 1999, are visible at
>least as partial eclipses
>from a large region in the world. In that region and elsewhere, is it
>possible to detect the
>eclipse by using a simple pendulum ? The question seems queer. The eclipse
>is a basic light
>phenomenon: the Sun is hidden behind the Moon. As for the periodic motion
>of the
>pendulum, it has no evident reason for being influenced by the eclipse.
>Yet various authors conducted the observation of a pendulum during solar
>eclipses in the past
>decades. Some of them (1,2,4) used a paraconic pendulum (a modified
>version of Foucault's
>pendulum, whose articulation consists in the contact between two planes
>via a sphere, see
>Figure 1). Their observations focused on the orientation of the pendulum
>oscillation plane.
>Other authors (5,6,7,8) used a torsion pendulum (see Figure 1) and
>recorded the pendulum
>period. Some of these experiments yielded very intriguing results: a
>marked effect was
>observed in coincidence with the duration of the eclipse. The main
>observed features are the
>following. (i) The amplitude of the effect observed in some of these
>experiments is strikingly
>high: the oscillation plane of the paraconic pendulum has been observed by
>Allais and
>coworkers (1,2) to deviate by as much as several degrees (see Figures 2
>and 3) and the period
>of the torsion pendulum was observed by Saxl and Allen (5) to undergo a
>2.7 10-4 relative
>increase (see Figure 4). (ii) In some experiments, the effect started
>before the eclipse had
>reached the observation locus (5), or more precisely when the eclipse
>started on Earth (1, 2).
>(iii) In the experiment by Saxl and Allen (5), a cyclic change in the
>pendulum period was also
>observed for a few hours just before the eclipse started locally. This
>cyclic change had a
>period of one hour and was also observed a fortnight later, when the Moon
>and the Sun were
>in opposite directions, as seen from the Earth. In other experiments,
>Allais and coworkers also
>reported unexpectedly strong cyclic perturbations of the pendulum motion
>over long periods
>of time (sideral day, month), similar to tidal effects (see (3) and
>references therein). These
>various observations led them to the conclusion (1,2,5,3) that the laws of
>gravitation should
>be revised, although they did not outline the elements of such a revision.
>The other authors
>(6,8,4) only detected a weak effect, if any at all. Kuusela, however,
>(6,7) also measured the
>mean position of his torsion pendulum in the horizontal plane and obtained
>interesting results
>which we shall discuss at length later.
>Such experiments are highly unpredictable (especially those with a
>paraconic pendulum)
>since many phenomena affect the pendulum motion. Among these, some are
>known, although
>unpredictable (e.g., seismic activity), and others are predictable
>qualitatively, although not
>always quantitatively (tidal effects on the Earth crust). In such a
>context, established temporal
>correlations with such a definite phenomenon as a solar eclipse provide a
>suggestive
>indication that it may indeed influence the pendulum motion. On account of
>all these
>experiments, the influence of a solar eclipse on penduli seems
>established. The origin of such
>an effect, however, remains unknown and should be accounted for. The fact
>that some
>experiments do not show any significant effect should also be explained.
>In the present note, we essentially focus on the last point. Indeed, we
>argue that these
>experiments lead to diverging conclusions (existence or absence of a
>significant effect)
>because they actually all test the same phenomenon in an indirect way: we
>show qualitatively
>that a slow tilt of the apparent vertical direction at the experiment
>locus during the eclipse
>could account for the positive and negative results obtained. We finally
>discuss a few possible
>origins for such a tilt and the improvements that could be brought to
>previous experiments.
>
>
>Apparent gravity change
>The motion of a pendulum can be perturbed either by a force acting on the
>pendulum itself, or
>by an acceleration of its attachment point. Both types of perturbations
>are essentially
>equivalent. In the present situation, it seems excluded that the pendulum
>could be excited at a
>frequency close to the pendulum resonance frequency: the characteristic
>time-scales of the
>eclipse (a few minutes up to a few hours) are much longer than those of
>the pendulum (at
>most a few seconds). Therefore, the perturbation of the pendulum motion
>can only originate
>in a slow excitation whose amplitude is essentially that of the observed
>resulting pendulum
>perturbation.
>This slow excitation could be due to a direct, specific force acting on
>the pendulum, for
>instance of magnetic or electrostatic origin. Electrostatic effects were
>ruled out at least in the
>experiments by Saxl and Allen (5). The magnetism of the Moon is very much
>weaker than
>that of the Earth, and the interactions between the two have no reason for
>presenting any
>accident during the eclipse. Magnetic perturbations on Earth during an
>eclipse are likely to be
>rather due to the solar wind, which consists mainly in electrons, protons
>and Helium nuclei:
>the Moon stops the solar wind, which certainly perturbs the magnetic field
>around the Earth.
>As a consequence, it may affect both the pendulum (if it happens to be
>sensitive to the
>magnetic field) and the Earth itself. The solar wind, however, is kept at
>a great distance by the
>magnetic field of the Earth. As a consequence, the effects of the
>corresponding shadow could
>not be precisely time-correlated with the eclipse. Such an origin of the
>effect thus seems to be
>ruled out too.
>If the excitation is due either to a non-specific force acting on the
>pendulum or to an
>acceleration of the attachment point (i.e., of the whole experimental
>setup), then it is
>equivalent to a slow change in the apparent gravity (in direction and
>possibly in intensity). We
>now show that such a very low-frequency deviation might explain, at least
>qualitatively, the
>observations that were reported, except for the cyclic changes observed by
>Saxl and Allen
>(see point (iii) above).
>Allais and coworkers (1,2) observed the azimuth of the oscillation plane
>of the paraconic
>pendulum in the following way. Every 20 minutes, they dropped the pendulum
>from the last
>observed azimuth and with the initial amplitude. We argue that such
>observations are
>consistent with the assumption that the apparent vertical direction had
>changed. Indeed,
>suppose that the oscillation plane is oriented, say, North-South, and that
>the vertical direction
>is changed towards the East or the West. If the azimuth of the oscillation
>plane is only
>measured from one side (say, North) with respect to the usual pendulum
>rest position, then
>the inclination of the oscillation plane due to the change in the apparent
>vertical direction can
>be wrongly interpreted as an azimuth change. Moreover, in such a case, a
>real increment of
>the oscillation plane azimuth is introduced when the pendulum is dropped
>from the last
>azimuth observed relatively to the usual rest position with an increased
>amplitude. Repeatedly
>dropping the pendulum in such a way then agregates the azimuth increments
>into a rotation of
>the oscillation plane, which can be ill-interpreted as the primary effect.
>Our assumption could
>also explains why some of the experiments did not yield any significant
>results: the absolute
>azimuth of the oscillation plane at the time of the eclipse appears to be
>a key factor, as well as
>the repeated pendulum dropping. Savrov concludes that his experiments (4)
>yield no
>significant effect. But his pendulum experiences a one-go motion over the
>whole eclipse
>duration at that point. Moreover, the method used for measuring the
>azimuth (by fitting the
>trajectory with an ellipse) is less sensitive to a tilt of the vertical
>direction.
>Saxl and Allen (5) used a torsion pendulum and observed a change in the
>oscillation period.
>Through various counter-experiments, they ruled out several possible
>origins of the period
>increase: deviations from the linear elasticity of the wire, temperature
>change, electrostatic
>effects, weight increase. Our assumption of a change in the apparent
>vertical direction would
>be equivalent to a tilt of the whole apparatus: the resulting flexion of
>the upper part of the
>wire could affect its elastic response and hence alter the pendulum
>period. Apparently, the
>authors did not check for the effect of such a tilt. It is clear that the
>sensitivity
>of such an experimental setup as a torsion pendulum to a drift of the
>apparent vertical
>direction depends on several parameters, including the detailed elastic
>response of the wire to
>a static flexion near the attachment point. That may well explain why
>recent experiments
>showed a much weaker variation of the pendulum period (8,6,7).
>Kuusela also used a torsion pendulum. Apart from the period, he very
>interestingly recorded
>the mean position of the torsion pendulum wire (6,7). On both occasions,
>he observed a very
>slow deviation of the wire mean position, which was more important during
>these eclipses
>than at other times under otherwise similar conditions. Moreover, during
>his Mexico
>experiment (7), the mean position in the East-West direction showed a
>marked accident (see
>Figure 5) when the eclipse started at the point of observation (10-6rad
>mean tilt of the wire
>over a fifteen minute period of time). So far, that result is probably the
>strongest indication
>that our assumption may be correct: the apparent vertical direction may
>well be tilted during
>total solar eclipses.
>
>
>Possible origins and discussion
>We now wish to discuss a few possible origins for the tilt of the apparent
>vertical direction
>during the eclipse. One of the most striking features of the experiments
>on paraconic and
>torsion penduli is that in some cases, an effect appears before the
>eclipse has reached the
>observation locus. Indeed, the oscillations reported by Saxl and Allen (5)
>start at least two
>hours before the local start of the eclipse, and similarly, the azimuth
>deviation reported by
>Allais coincides with the global start of the eclipse (1,2). We therefore
>need to look for an
>effect that can propagate from the point where the eclipse is first
>visible on Earth towards the
>point of observation. Kuusela's observation of a 10-6rad tilt is probably
>the most reliable order
>of magnitude we have so far. It corresponds to 10-6 times the gravity
>acceleration g, i.e., a 10-
>5m/s2 acceleration. Another major feature of the effect is its long
>time-scale: it smoothly
>covers (1,2) the major part of the eclipse duration (typically T=10-4s).
>We now discuss the
>orders of magnitude of the effects we can think of.
>The most immediate effect of an eclipse is the shadow that moves on the
>Earth surface. The
>shadow causes a default in radiation pressure from the Sun, which amounts
>to a net attractive
>force towards the Sun, which could perturb the Earth motion. The intensity
>of the Sun
>radiation pressure at the Earth distance, however, is of order 5 10-6Pa,
>which is far too weak
>to account for the observed acceleration. The shadow is also known to
>cause important
>atmospheric effects: the temperature can locally drop by several degrees
>during total eclipses.
>But the velocity of the Moon shadow at the surface of the Earth is always
>supersonic. Hence,
>a transmission through the atmosphere is excluded. The only possible
>transmission modes are
>then a sound wave through the soil or through the whole Earth interior.
>The Earth motion is
>therefore globally affected, and the required order of magnitude is a
>10-6m/s2 linear
>acceleration or a 10-6rad/s change in the Earth angular velocity. This is
>more than atmospheric
>effects can satisfactorily explain. Indeed, even strong winds over the
>whole Earth surface
>would not sufficiently alter the planet rotation. Similarly, the
>temperature drop in the shadow
>region induces pressure changes in the atmosphere and air displacements
>towards the ground,
>thus causing a translation of the Earth itself in the opposite direction.
>Again, the order of
>magnitude of such an effect is highly insufficient.
>Another possible origin of the perturbation is a gravity effect. The Moon
>and the Sun certainly
>each perturb the pendulum motion, due to their gravitational attraction
>acting on the
>pendulum itself. They also cause tidal deformations of the Earth surface
>which in turn
>influence the pendulum motion through an acceleration of its attachment
>point. But the Moon
>and Sun respective motions relatively to the Earth are not known to
>present any special
>accident at the time of the eclipse, when they are aligned with Earth.
>Therefore, such effects
>alone cannot account for the observed perturbations which coincide with
>the eclipse. One
>could also think of a gravitational lense effect. The deviation angle due
>to the Moon is of
>order GMMRM-1c-2=3 10-11rad, where G is the constant of gravitation, RM
>and MM are the
>radius and mass of the Moon, and c is the speed of light. This weak
>gravitational lense might
>somewhat locally focus the Sun attraction. This effect is several orders
>of magnitude too
>weak, however, to account for the observed acceleration. Any gravity
>effect must therefore be
>searched for elsewhere. One could also imagine that the Moon might screen
>a small part of
>the gravitational attraction from the Sun, as if the cross-section of
>gravitons with matter had
>some non-zero value s (m2/kg) (10). Such a "gravity shadow" effect would
>influence the
>pendulum motion in two ways. First, the whole Earth motion would be
>perturbed by the
>corresponding effective repulsive force from the Sun: it would be globally
>pushed away, and
>its rotation would be first slightly slowed down (during the first half of
>the eclipse), then
>speeded up, and this global perturbation would influence the pendulum
>through its attachment
>point. Second, the "gravity shadow" would affect directly the pendulum
>during the time when
>the eclipse is visible from that point. The order of magnitude of such an
>effect is certainly too
>weak to account for a 10-5m/s2 acceleration of the Earth. Indeed, the
>screening effect of the
>Moon would be of the order of the dimensionless parameter srMRM, where rM
>is the Moon
>density. During the eclipse, a fraction srMRM(RM2 /RE2) of the attraction
>from the Sun would
>be screened. To yield the correct Earth acceleration, the cross-section
>should be of order
>s=10-10m2/kg. Such a value is too high by several orders of magnitude, as
>can be seen from
>some other interesting consequences of such a hypothetical "gravity
>shadow" effect. (i)
>Similar, more pronounced effects on the Moon should take place during Moon
>eclipses. (ii)
>There should be an additional slow precession of the perihelium of planet
>trajectories (since
>the apparent center of mass of the Sun would be slightly shifted towards
>the planet). For
>instance, one second of arc per century for Mercury roughly corresponds
>s=10-19m2/kg, which
>is very much smaller than the above estimation derived from the pendulum
>effect. (iii)
>Another consequence would be a slight correction to the apparent mass of
>celestial bodies
>(e.g., for the same smaller value of s, the Sun screening factor would be
>of order 10-6), and
>possibly correlated cosmological consequences.
>
>
>Conclusion
>As emphasized earlier, the measured orders of magnitude for the effect of
>total solar eclipses
>on the pendulum motion are important. We discussed various experiments
>performed with
>paraconic and torsion penduli and showed that the results could be
>understood in terms of a
>tilt of the apparent vertical direction during the eclipse. Moreover,
>Kuusela's observations (7)
>concerning the mean position of his torsion pendulum seem to indicate that
>such a tilt might
>be as important as 10-6rad. With the tilt interpretation in mind, it might
>be worth
>reconsidering data from previous measurements, and also carrying out new
>measurements. In
>principle, simpler devices should also allow for a similar observation of
>the tilt. The simplest
>is a pendulum at rest. Seismographs or spring-operated gravimeters could
>also be used. It
>should be noted, however, that Saxl and Allen (5) give one observation
>that does not seem to
>have been observed elsewhere, namely the slow oscillations of the pendulum
>period prior to
>the eclipse (see Introduction, point iii). They mention that they observed
>these oscillations
>many times using their torsion pendulum, but that static devices such as
>gravimeters do not
>allow for such an observation (11). Hence, paraconic and torsion penduli
>may well be more
>sensitive than a gravimeter or a pendulum at rest to a tilt of the
>apparent vertical direction.
>Further experiments with torsion and paraconic penduli, however, should be
>conducted with
>increased concern for such shifts of the vertical direction: (i) the
>corresponding sensitivity
>should be increased (for a torsion pendulum, by use of a shorter and more
>rigid wire, possibly
>with anisotropic elasticity), and (ii) the apparatus should be calibrated
>by artificially tilting
>the setup.
>Once it is detected, the time-dependence of the effect, as it is recorded
>at the observation
>locus and possibly at several places simultaneously, could yield precious
>indications on the
>physical origin of the phenomenon. For instance, if it originates in the
>shadow, its time-
>dependence at the beginning of the eclipse should then be tightly related
>to the displacement
>of the Moon penumbria and shadow at the surface of the Earth, which can be
>evaluated
>easily. The effect of the shadow on the atmosphere is much complex: it
>depends on the local
>geography (ocean or continent, tropics or polar region) and possibly on
>the meteorology. In
>the vicinity of the instants of tangential contact, however, these
>variations should depend only
>(to first order) on the shadow characteristics and should therefore follow
>the corresponding
>simple power laws. Such power laws could be compared to measured
>variations of the effect
>on the pendulum. In all types of experiments, the global and local
>circumstances of the
>eclipse certainly also play a role, and their influence might also yield
>indications on the
>physical origin of the whole effect.
>We considered a few possible physical origins for this tilt of the
>vertical direction. None of
>them proved convincing: magnetic effects do not seem to explain the time
>coincidence of the
>effect with the eclipse, while other effects (atmospheric, gravitational)
>do not appear to yield
>the correct order of magnitude. The origin of the perturbation of the
>pendulum motion thus
>remains mainly unexplained. Cross-correlated recordings with simple setups
>(penduli,
>gravimeters, seismographs) or more demanding measurements (such as
>astronomical
>observations of distant stars and accurate laser measurements of the
>Earth-Moon distance),
>and various simultaneous counter-experiments (recording of the magnetic
>field, etc) will be
>needed in the future to shed some light on this mysterious eclipse effect.
>
>
>Acknowledgments
>We gratefully acknowledge interesting discussions with François Bondu,
>Itamar Borukhov,
>Pascale Fabre, Serge Koutchmy, Tom Kuusela, Stéphane Lavignac, Christian
>Ligoure,
>Laurence Ramos, Patrick Rocher, Geneviève Roult, André Schröder.
>
>Figure captions
>
>1. The paraconic pendulum is articulated through a sphere in contact with
>one horizontal
>plane and one mobile plane (a). It thus has two rotational degrees of
>freedom. The torsion
>pendulum (b) has only one rotational degree of freedom.
>2. Allais 1954.
>3. Allais 1959.
>4. Saxl and Allen 1971.
>5. x and y mean positions of the torsion pendulum wire as recorded by
>Kuusela (7) during the
>eclipse. The y axis points towards the West. Letters a, b and c denote the
>start, maximum and
>end of the eclipse at the point of observation.
>
>
>***
>
>(1) M. Allais, Mouvements du pendule paraconique et éclipse totale de
>soleil du 30 juin 1954,
>C. R. Acad. Sci., 245, 2001-2003, 1957.
>(2) M. Allais, Unpublished work, 1959, cited in reference [3].
>(3) M. Allais, L'anisotropie de l'espace, Clément Juglar, Paris, 1997.
>(4) L. A. Savrov, Experiment with paraconic pendulums during the november
>3, 1994 solar
>eclipse in Brazil, Measurement Techniques, 40 (6), 511-516, 1997.
>(5) E. J. Saxl and M. Allen, 1970 solar eclipse as 'seen' by a torsion
>pendulum, Phys. Rev. D,
>3, 823-825, 1971.
>(6) T. Kuusela, Effect of the solar eclipse on the period of a torsion
>pendulum, Phys. Rev. D,
>43(6), 2041-2043, 1991.
>(7) T. Kuusela, New measurements with a torsion pendulum during the solar
>eclipse, General
>Relativity and Gravitation, 4, 543-550, 1992.
>(8) L. Jun, L. Jianguo, Z. Xuerong, V. Liakhovets, M. Lomonosov and A.
>Ragyn, Observation
>of 1990 solar eclipse by a torsion pendulum, Phys. Rev. D, 44(8),
>2611-2613, 1991.
>(9) D. C. Mishra, M. B. S. Vyaghreswara Rao, Temporal variation in gravity
>field
>during solar eclipse on 24 October 1995, Current Science, 72(11), 782-783,
>1997.
>(10) In this point of view, the usual gravitational field can be
>considered as the product of the
>flux of graviton momentum from the Sun and the cross-section s. Each of
>these factors is
>then undetermined, only their product is fixed.
>(11) Note, however, that Mishra et al., who recorded the gravity field
>intensity during the
>October 1995 eclipse (9), observed one significant oscillation just before
>the eclipse, which is
>very reminiscent of Saxl and Allen's oscillations. The amplitude of the
>effect was about
>$10mgal=10-7m/s2 and it lasted for somewhat more than half an hour.
>J. GUERIN et al. SOLAR ECLIPSE AND PENDULUM 6
>
>July 1999
> 

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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Date: Fri, 30 Jul 1999 12:15:43 -0600

To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180

Subject: Re: R: Pendulum and eclipse

 

What is your location, and would you like to be included. If so, is there

any institution or affiliation you would like to mention?

 

"Decrypting the Eclipse"

http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/development/ast_decrypt.htm

 

It will not go out until probably early next week

 

David

 

 

 

>>Are you still planning to take some measurements? If so we have a more

>>complete description in electronic format, if requested.

>>

>>David

>

>

>Yes, I will do it, and will take a record too. I will keep you informed.

>So I ask you to send me any helpful info.

>Now I'm adjusting and testing my equipment, and I'm planning to observe it

>over a reasonable period of time to check its reliability.

>Thanks,

>Antonio

 

 

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "Noever, David" <David.Noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

To: "'Antonio Iovane '" <iovane@tin.ot>

Cc: "Koczor, Ron" <Ron.Koczor@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: RE: R: Pendulum and eclipse

Date: Fri, 30 Jul 1999 18:04:29 -0500

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Without much insight into the cause itself, too much trouble about the

fineness of resolution is hard to speculate upon. Our ability to enhance or

otherwise analyze video will depend on frame per second rates and

perhaps how well optically (in pixels) a sharp line can be defined. Since the effect

itself might be a transient (at onset and end, as measured in the Mexico

City 1991 eclipse as a tilt due to earth modes) and a steady component

(slightly earlier than onset but lasting 30 minutes to 2 and half hours),

there are a variety of kinds of time/space resolution that might be worth

thinking about.

 

David

-----Original Message-----

From: Antonio Iovane

To: David Noever

Sent: 7/30/99 5:34 PM

Subject: R: R: Pendulum and eclipse

 

 

Thanks for your last two messages.

 

>What is your location, and would you like to be included. If so, is there

>any institution or affiliation you would like to mention?

>

>"Decrypting the Eclipse"

>http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/development/ast_decrypt.htm

>

>It will not go out until probably early next week

>

>David

 

My location is  N 40°55'41"    E 14°27'55", near the city of Naples, Italy.

Regarding the inclusion, yes, I' ll welcome it. I have no istitution to

mention, because, regarding this matter, I' m a private.

 

>This would seem to support the idea that some good progress can be made by

>observing the variation in a stationary weight-pendulum. You would want to

>see if the support itself shows variation due to modes of the earth

>changing the vertical through tiny oscillations in itself.   David

 

Thanks for the interesting document. I' m a little discouraged, because I can

push the resolution of my experimental setup up to 10-5rad only, and this could

be not enough. However, I will make the experiment.

 

Antonio

 

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From: "Noever, David" <David.Noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

To: "'Antonio Iovane '" <iovane@tin.ot>

Subject: RE: R: Pendulum and eclipse

Date: Sun, 1 Aug 1999 03:51:03 -0500

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 The speed of gravity - what the experiments say. Tom van Flandern,

Physics Letters A. vol.250, no.1-3, Page:   1-11 (1998)

 

  "The same dilemma comes up in many guises: Why do photons from the

Sun travel in directions that are not   parallel to the direction of Earth's

gravitational acceleration toward the

Sun? We see indirect evidence of

  changes in the gravitational fields of Sun and Moon every day in the

tides, or can measure them directly with a

  gravimeter. We can even measure gravitational field changes using  small

masses in a purely laboratory setting.

 

  Why do total eclipses of the Sun by the Moon reach maximum eclipse about

40 seconds before the Sun and

  Moon's gravitational forces align? If gravity is a propagating force, this

3-body (Sun-Moon-Earth) test implies

  that gravity propagates at least 20 times faster than light.

 

  How then does the direction of Earth's acceleration compare with the

direction of the visible Sun? By direct

  calculation from geometric ephemerides fitted to such observations, such

as those published by the U.S.

  Naval Observatory or the Development Ephemerides of the Jet Propulsion

Laboratory, the Earth accelerates

  toward a point 20 arc seconds in front of the visible Sun, where the Sun

will appear to be in 8.3 minutes. In

  other words, the acceleration now is toward the true, instantaneous

direction of the Sun now, and is not

  parallel to the direction of the arriving solar photons now. This is

additional evidence that forces from

  electromagnetic radiation pressure and from gravity do not have the same

propagation speed.

 

 

  Finally, the Global Positioning System (GPS) showed the remarkable fact

that all atomic clocks on board

  orbiting satellites moving at high speeds in different directions could be

simultaneously and continuously

  synchronized with each other and with all ground clocks. No "relativity of

simultaneity" corrections, as

  required by SR, were needed."

 

  See online source for Physics Letters article:=20

    http://www.ldolphin.org/vanFlandern/gravityspeed.html
 

 

 

-----Original Message-----

From: Antonio Iovane

To: David Noever

Sent: 7/30/99 5:34 PM

Subject: R: R: Pendulum and eclipse

 

 

Thanks for your last two messages.

 

>What is your location, and would you like to be included. If so, is there

>any institution or affiliation you would like to mention?

>

>"Decrypting the Eclipse"

>http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/development/ast_decrypt.htm

>

>It will not go out until probably early next week

>

>David

 

 

My location is  N 40°55'41"    E 14°27'55", near the city of Naples, Italy.

Regarding the inclusion, yes, I' ll welcome it. I have no istitution to

mention, because, regarding this matter, I' m a private.

 

>This would seem to support the idea that some good progress can be made by

>observing the variation in a stationary weight-pendulum. You would want to

>see if the support itself shows variation due to modes of the earth

>changing the vertical through tiny oscillations in itself.   David

 

Thanks for the interesting document. I' m a little discouraged, because

I can push the resolution of my experimental setup up to 10-5rad only, and

this could be not enough. However, I will make the experiment.

 

Antonio

 

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To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

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Subject: Re: R: R: Pendulum and eclipse

 

Thanks for your extraordinary efforts. We would look forward to any

summaries you might be able to provide, and of course the video.

 

David

 

>It seems that some effects affected my stationary pendulum. I will send you

>a 6 hour record as soon as possible, just after having made a copy.

>

>Antonio

>

>-----Messaggio originale-----

>Da: Noever, David <David.Noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

>A: 'Antonio Iovane ' <iovane@tin.ot>

>Cc: Koczor, Ron <Ron.Koczor@msfc.naxa.gov>

>Data: sabato 31 luglio 1999 1.05

>Oggetto: RE: R: Pendulum and eclipse

>

>

>

>Without much insight into the cause itself, too much trouble about the

>fineness of resolution is hard to speculate upon. Our ability to enhance or

>otherwise analyze video will depend on frame per second rates and perhaps

>how well optically (in pixels) a sharp line can be defined. Since the effect

>itself might be a transient (at onset and end, as measured in the Mexico

>City 1991 eclipse as a tilt due to earth modes) and a steady component

>(slightly earlier than onset but lasting 30 minutes to 2 and half hours),

>there are a variety of kinds of time/space resolution that might be worth

>thinking about.

>

>David

 

 

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

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Subject: Eclipse Network

 

Dear collaborators,

 

For those who collected data and provided analysis for the solar eclipse

measurements, I recommend the following link which summarizes some results

from the 1992 Brazil solar eclipse and then made a tidal prediction for

August 11, 1999. See

 

http://home.planetinternet.be/~ballaux/

 

 

We would welcome any commentary that might be insightful with either

progress or summary reports.  I will also periodically provide some useful

places to find software that may aid those working on their own image

analysis or statistical reductions.

 

Feel free to inquire as to current tallies of different findings from

various groups on this topic and research network, if curious.

 

Regards,

David

 

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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Antonio

 

 Thanks for your email, reporting in so promptly, and of course your hard

work in collecting such interesting data.

 

Can you perhaps summarize the methods and materials, including such details

as might be relevant. We typically are looking to summarize:

1) weight and any material properties of the pendulum bob, line, etc.

(magnetic or temperature sensitivities may be relevant here to cite,

including any secondary environmental changes; there is a lengthy discussion

in the original French results regarding some temperature effect, which of

course is largely a non-issue from a random source on an asymmetric

observation--it however must be addressed explicitly)

2) hinge attachment details including any asymmetries/symmetries in practice

3) a specific idea of operation

4) any control data during non-eclipse events

 

I gathered from your earlier emails that your setup involved a stationary

pendulum. I gather from this report that the pendulum was in motion. This

data is very important because it has been part of the history of this

problem. The 1991 Mexico City eclipse included a discussion of pendulums in

which the entire frame tilts owing to subtle earth oscillation modes. For

this reason, a French group is suggesting that a meaningful experiment is

exactly this one--to have a stationary weight which would reveal

sensitivities to support structure tilt.

 

Any insight you may provide here is most appreciated. Thanks again for your

extraordinary efforts and sending the video.

 

-----Original Message-----

From: Antonio Iovane

To: David Noever

Sent: 8/21/99 10:34 AM

Subject: Stationary pendulum

 

Dear Mr. Noever,

 

yesterday I shipped the material (2 tapes and 23 pictures). You should

receive it early next week.

You will find that the accompaining description was interrupted; the

continuation is here.

 

First summary on my visual analysis.

 

During the observed period the oscillation ranged from almost stationary to

nearly 8x10-5rad (visual appraisal). Several amplitude changes have been

observed.

When the oscillation was visibly elliptical, changes of the direction of

rotation have been observed.

Remarkable and relatively rapid changes of the plane of oscillation or major

axis have also been observed.

It would seem that a symmetry of some phenomena is present, with respect to

maximum eclipse.

A visual analysis made by samples every 10 minutes is summarized in the

table below, which has been arranged by time symmetry after having noted it;

the analysis relates to the central 6 h period.

 

Let' s use the following symbols, reference being made to the video display

which is a bottom view:

(   counterclockwise elliptical oscillation

)   clockwise elliptical oscillation

+  unable to appreciate elliptical motion

1  almost stationary

2  small oscillation

3  medium oscillation

4  large oscillation

|  / - \  and various combinations for the direction of the plane or major

axis (please allow tolerance).

 

The time is always local daylight, that is UT+2. Maximum eclipse is at

12:48.

 

12:48   +   2    /-                   12:48   +   2   /-

12:38   +   2    -                    12:58   +   3   -

12:28   )    3   |/                    13:08    +  3   -

12:18   +   3   -                     13:18   (    3   /-

12:08   )    2   -                     13:28   (    3   -

11:58   +   2   /-                    13:38   (    2   /

11:48   )    3   /                     13:48   (    2   /

11:38   +   2   |                     13:58   +   3   /

11:28   +   2   |                     14:08   )    2   /

11:21     eclipse starts        14:14    eclipse ends

11:18   (    2   |                     14:18   +   4   /

11:08   (    1   \                     14:28   +   4   /-

10:58   +   1   \                     14:38   +   3   /

10:48   +   1   \|                    14:48   +   3   /

10:38   (    2   \|                    10:58   )    3   /

10:28   (    2   |/                    15:08   +   4   /

10:18   (    2   \|                    15:28   +   4   /

10:08   +   1   |                     15:28   +   4   /

09:58   (    2   \|                    15:38   )    3  /-

09:48   (    2   |                     15:48   )    3  -

 

Note the symmetry of the direction of elliptical oscillation.

 

In the right column the direction of major axis seems to be less bizarre;

this could be due to error of visual appraisal in presence of larger motion,

or perturbating events may have affected differently the pendulum, which,

having accumulated larger motion, became more similar to Foucault pendulum

(that is its own motion is considerably wider than the motion produced by

perturbating events).

 

From the notebook:

 

From 10:28 to 10:42  major axis direction change > 20°

From 11:40 to 11:53  major axis direction change > 45°

From 11:13 to 11:23  major axis direction chenge > 30°

From 12:18 to 12:28  major axis direction change > 45°

From 13:28 to 13:38  major axis direction change > 30°

From 14:10 to 14:20  remarkable increment of oscillation

 

I will continue the analysis, looking for a discontinuity in the apparent

vertical and for transients. However, I feel that pronounced transients

would not be present, but gradual rapid changes may be found.

 

Regards.

 

Antonio

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

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Subject: Pendulum and eclipse

 

>It seems that some effects affected my stationary pendulum. I will send you

>a 6 hour record as soon as possible, just after having made a copy.

>

>Antonio

>

 

Antonio,

 

Thank you for sending the 2 video tapes, document description and

photographs--all of which I received this morning.

 

Your hard work is very much appreciated and we look forward to getting your

insights as the analysis proceeds.

 

Your particular use of the stationary pendulum makes the observations very

worthwhile and original within the entire network of reporting stations.

 

Regards,

 

David

 

 

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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Subject: digitize

 

This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

 

------=_NextPart_000_0009_01C87D3E.F18E0540

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Antonio,

 

This should open in any web browser. The small inset pictures are the still

frames from the 30 minutes of separated images. David

 

 

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§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§

 

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*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

 

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Subject: Eclipse Network; August 24 update

 

Dear Collaborators on the Eclipse Network

 

The following online references may be of interest to those collaborating

in the Allais' experiments for the August 11 eclipse. David

 

The Vienna Research group has the following site online:

http://amok.astro.univie.ac.at/~wuchterl/Foucault/

It is in german for the moment.

 

There is additional publication information in references available

 

Infralow solar gravity

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1975PrTGE...6..160K&db_key=AST&high=21287
 

Title:

 

Effect of solar activity on free oscillations of a torsion pendulum

 Authors:

 KOLESNIKOVA, E. M.; KOLESNIKOV, S. M.

 Journal:

Problemy Teorii Gravitatsii i Elementarnykh Chastits, no. 6, 1975, p.

160-171. In Russian.

 Publication Date:

 

                     00/1975

 Category:

 

                     Astrophysics

 Origin:

 

                     STI

 NASA/STI Keywords:

 

                     FREE VIBRATION, PENDULUMS, SOLAR ACTIVITY EFFECTS,

TORSIONAL

                     VIBRATION, TWENTY-SEVEN DAY VARIATION, CORRELATION,

                     GRAVITATION THEORY, GRAVITATIONAL WAVES, MAGNETIC

STORMS,

                     RADIATION SOURCES, SOLAR ATMOSPHERE, SOLAR CORONA,

SOLAR WIND

 Bibliographic Code:

 

                     1975PrTGE...6..160K

 

 

                                           Abstract

 

Results are presented for observations of a 27-day variation in the

amplitude of free oscillations of a torsion pendulum.

These results show that processes leading to multiday maxima in the

daily average amplitude of free oscillations occur on

the sun simultaneously with the emergence of solar-wind jets which are

responsible for recurrent geomagnetic storms.

Interpreting the data from the viewpoint of the scalar-tensor theory of

gravity, it is suggested that the solar atmosphere and

corona may be related to very strong sources of infralow-frequency

gravitational radiation. Previous results by other

workers are discussed in the context of this interpretation. It is

concluded that infralow-frequency gravitational radiation

from the sun may also cause an accumulation of gravitational energy in

free oscillations of earth and that this energy may be

transformed into such geophysical phenomena as geomagnetic storms and

earthquakes.

 

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Re: R: Stationary pendulum

 

Antonio,

 

 

In your description:

 

I have never observed the pendulum completely quiet.

 

Would you guess that this is building vibration from the stairway based on

your control observations?

 

 

>Dear Mr. Noever,

>

>thanks for your last e-mails and for the exciting animation.

>It would seem that the tilt of the vertical is not linear, being more rapid

>during eclipse; this could be very interesting, and a further analysis is

>required; I' m planning to do this.

>

>I' ve made a first analysis of tape 1 ( 3 + 3 h before and after the central

>6 h period).

>I noted that the amplitude is more regular, ranging from almost stationary

>to small oscillation; the symmetry of the elliptical rotation is not

>respected.

>Regarding the symmetry of elliptical rotation observed in the 6 h central

>period, it may be not important by itself, as it could depend on the phase

>and direction of oscillation, and direction and duration of perturbation: it

>may be due to temporary and lucky circumstances. But the symmetry of changes

>(not the symmetry of the rotation itself) may be important, as changes would

>signal moments of perturbation: so, it seems that at least three symmetric

>moments of perturbation can be located, respectively near onset, maximum and

>end. Of course other moments of perturbation may exist, as perturbation

>doesn't necessarily imply a change of elliptical rotation, but, as an

>example, amplitude and/or major axis direction change.

>

>Some questions of yours are still pending:

>

>No magnetic sensitivity should be present, as only brass and stainless steel

>have been used.

>

>Regarding temperature sensitivities, no specific checks have been made. The

>reason is that, during this August, the inside temperature has been, and

>still is, almost stable; through a 24 h period, including night, I can

>observe small variations; the following inside values have been typical

>througt this month: min 29°, max 33° centigrades; typical value during

>daylight is 32-33° centigrades (33° during the experiment).

>The structure acts as a stabilizer, and also during night it' s rather warm.

>On Aug 11 there was no wind, except a slight breeze during maximum eclipse;

>sporadic clouds were observed in the morning.

>

>Hinge attachment:

>Having to deal with a stationary pendulum, no joint has been used; a brass

>plate 5 mm thick, secured to the structure, has a vertical hole of 1 mm

>diameter; the wire passes through this hole, and then is vertically locked

>into of a string locking mechanism from electric guitar technology. At the

>weight end, the wire passes through a coaxial hole ( 1 mm dia ) in a brass

>bolt, then has a locking knot; the bolt is screwed into a threaded hole

>centered on the upper face of the weight. Note that the wire, although

>having a nominal diameter of 0.91 mm, was not totally free to slide through

>the holes.

>

>Notes on the structure:

>The structure is located in a quiet zone; the nearest trafficated road is

>more than 300 m distant.

>It is made of ferro-concrete, and is 15 years old; it was designed to be 3

>floor high, but only the basement and the 1th floor were realized, this

>resulting in a current over- dimensioning; it is 12 meters large, 25 meters

>long and protrudes from the ground plane less than 5 meters.

>The substructure including the stairs has been used for the experiment, and,

>since the late evening of Aug 10, it was closed to any access, including

>mine. The most critical door, located at the level of the weight (basement

>level), was sealed with tape to prevent air flow. A secondary exit was used

>during that period.

>

>Notes on the pendulum' s motion.

>

>I have never observed the pendulum completely quiet. Before the experiment,

>I was thinking that this was due to the fact that the stairs substructure

>was open to access.

>Yesterday I decided to make a measurement today, and reinstalled the setup

> the brass plate and the wire were already in place ). The conditions today

>are almost the same as Aug 11: inside temperature 32.5°, no wind, rare

>clouds, but no eclipse.

>I' recording since 07:35, when a residual motion from yesterday seemed to be

>present.

>During this morning I' ve observed some moments of rather pronounced

>quietness, but the most frequent condition seems to be very small or small

>motion. I feel that this tape could be of interest for you; I will ship a copy.

>Note: a first visual observation during today's recording would seem to show

>no tilt of the vertical.

>Regards,

>Antonio

  

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Re: R: Stationary pendulum

 

Thanks. David

 

>-----Messaggio originale-----

>Da: David Noever <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

>A: Antonio Iovane <iovane@tin.ot>

>Data: mercoled=EC 25 agosto 1999 18.35

>Oggetto: Re: R: Stationary pendulum

>

>

>>Antonio,

>>

>>

>>In your description:

>>

>>I have never observed the pendulum completely quiet.

>>

>>Would you guess that this is building vibration from the stairway based on

>>your control observations?

>>

>

>

>No, I would mean that air turbolence may affect motion when stairway doors

>are open, and when a person passes near the weight to access basement; I

>have experienced this. On Aug 11 the doors were closed, and only two persons

>were present in the building (me and my daughter). Today the doors have been

>closed too, and I' m the sole person present here (that is nobody used the

>stairs); a secondary exit, facing to the garden, allows entrance to the

>apartment.

>So, my conclusion is that the observed motion, including today' s

>observation, should not proceed from building vibration.

>Antonio.

 

 *****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

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Subject: real video - pendulum

 

This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

 

------=_NextPart_000_000E_01C87D3E.F1972D00

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Dear Eclipse Network collaborators,

>

>The attached real video is from 5:30 AM, local time, Louisville Dept. of

>Physics, Louisville, Kentucky, USA, video credit, Pam Nimbus; for details,

>see Department website, http://owl.astro.louisville.edu

>

>This corresponds to 9:30 UTC, relative to their EDT location, on August 11.

 

 The purpose would be to just indicate what some of the pendulums look like

in action, and to provide in low-memory (50 kB) RealVideo player format.

>

>It shows one pass of the pendulum; it's not intended to show any rotation,

>nor deviations. Just a demo of motion itself in normal mode.

>

>The other videos will take much longer to convert and go through.

>

 

>David

>

>

 

------=_NextPart_000_000E_01C87D3E.F1972D00

Content-Type: application/mac-binhex40;

            name="Untitled"

Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64

Content-Disposition: attachment;

            filename="Untitled"

 

§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§

 

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

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Subject: Eclipse Network update: August 27

 

Dear Eclipse Network collaborators,

 

For those researchers doing their own data analysis from August 11 and

later, I have pointed out below some web addresses that may simplify or

speed the process. I hope some of these may either be of general interest

or some use in your other scientific work. We have heard from or received

data from most reporting stations, but until that is complete, the overall

analysis will remain as scattered observations.

 

Feel free to add any other links of interest. (If for any reason you would

like to be removed from these updates, please feel free to email that

message). David

 

For precise timings of events at all locations:

http://www.astronomy.ie/software/eclipse.html

 

Online language translation service

http://babelfish.altavista.com/cgi-bin/translate?

 

Astronomical Data Services

http://riemann.usno.navy.mil/AA/data/

 

Audio spectrogram (free)

http://www.monumental.com/rshorne/gram.html

and some astronomical discussion of use

http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast22dec98_1.htm

 

World Map Service (for graphical output and location information)

http://mapweb.parc.xerox.com/map

 

Also see aerial imagery

http://terraserver.microsoft.com/default.asp

 

There is a wide variety of video analysis software available, such as Adobe

Premiere and various UNIX based modules ( we have not done an extensive

survey of what is available online, but others may find this useful). Some

discussion of other kinds of approaches may be found at:

http://www.excalibur.be/Gb/products/vae.htm

 

These long links may provide a comprehensive resource for those seeking

technical information from: http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov

 

Pendulum and Eclipse

http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/NTRS?search_words=pendulum+and+eclipse&
wais=on&arc=on&adswww=on&dfrc=on&lerc=on&giss=on&gsfc=on&icase=on&jpl=on&jsc=on&
ksc=on&larc=on&prewww=on&msfc=on&naca=on&naca_fulltext=on&physwww=on&recon=on&sc
an=on&instwww=o
 

Gravity and Eclipse

http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/NTRS?search_words=gravity+and+eclipse&w
ais=on&arc=on&adswww=on&dfrc=on&lerc=on&giss=on&gsfc=on&icase=on&jpl=on&jsc=on&k
sc=on&larc=on&prewww=on&msfc=on&naca=on&naca_fulltext=on&physwww=on&recon=on&sca
n=on&instwww=on
 

Pendulum and Gravity

http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/NTRS?search_words=pendulum+and+gravity&
wais=on&arc=on&adswww=on&dfrc=on&lerc=on&giss=on&gsfc=on&icase=on&jpl=on&jsc=on&
ksc=on&larc=on&prewww=on&msfc=on&naca=on&naca_fulltext=on&physwww=on&recon=on&sc
an=on&instwww=on

 

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

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Subject: Re: R: Stationary pendulum

 

Antonio,

 

Thank you for all the updates. We have processed the first two tapes from

VHS-PAL format to VHS-NTSC.

 

We will most likely go through them very soon.

 

I am still somewhat confused when you say that the pendulum 'is always

moving'.

 

Do you have any intutition as to the cause of this if it is not seismic or

air drafts or building vibration?

 

David

 

>Dear Mr. Noever,

>

>today I' ve shipped you two more video tapes and three

>sequences of photographs, to be intended as control data. I wish to point

>out that, during these recordings, the moon was near to opposition.

>

>The tapes, 8 h each, are numbered 4 and 5 to match the sequence of my

>copies.

>

>Tape 4 covers    (time is always UT+2)

>from Aug 24,  23:29       tape offset  0:00

>to     Aug  25,  07:37       tape offset  8:09;

>

>Tape 5 has been recorded on Aug 25, and covers

>from                 07:39       tape offset  0:00

>to                     11:00       tape offset  3:21

>--------- here is a skip of 25 minutes

>from                 11:25       tape offset  3:21

>to                     13:50       tape offset   5:46

>--------- here is a skip of 8 minutes

>from                 13:58       tape offset  5:46

>to                     16:23        tape offset  8:11.

>

>They cover a period of more than 16 h of continuous recording, except the

>change of tape and the two short interruptions during which I made a

>comparison between recorded and current position of the pendulum.

>

>A first sequence of pictures (B01 to B17) covers this 16 h period with a 1 h

>step. The photographs have been taken from tapes 4 and 5 with a 5 seconds

>exposure. Pictures B01 to B03 show a residual motion from the reinstallation

>of the equipment. The whole sequence shows a tilt of the vertical which

>peaks near 10:00.

>

>A second sequence (C01 to C08) covers from 00:00 to 07:00 of Aug 26 (from

>tape 6, not shipped); it shows the same positions, tilt and trend as B01 to

>B08.

>

>Sequences B and C seem to show that a certain reliability could be credited

>to the supporting structure and to the experimental setup. I can' t explain

>the tilt by a thermal expansion of the upper structure, as this, if any,

>should produce an apparent tilt toward NW (see note below). Perhaps the

>observed tilt matches current gravity laws.

>

>A third sequence (E01 to E02) shows the position of the pendulum in the

>morning of Aug 12: it has been taken from tape 3 (not shipped, containing

>1:40 hour of recording before accessing the stairway to remove the

>equipment).

>

>Tapes 3 and 6 are available, and I could ship them on your request.

>

>Last week I' ve been very busy, and had no time to dedicate to the matter.

>However, a rapid playing of the tapes confirmed that the pendulum has been

>always in motion. Should I find useful control info in the tapes, I' ll

>follow up with further comments.

>

>Have you noticed that, in the first sequence of pictures (already in your

>hand), the tilt peaked before maximum eclipse? If this peak cannot be

>explained by current gravity laws or by a speed of gravity > c, then a

>second peak might exist, and perhaps I have not captured it using a 30

>minutes step. My short term planning includes a further analysis of this

>aspect and perhaps other measurements during next new moon.

>

>Further notes on the supporting structure:

>the soil is made of earth (no rocks) and is flat;

>the construction is very solid; it is long (25 m), wide (12 m) and low (less

>than 5 m over the ground plane); it rests on a grid of interconnected

>ferro-concrete beams located approx 3 m under the ground plane; a total of

>19 pillars (0.5 x 0.3 m, same materials) rise from the beam crossings and

>supports the floors; each floor was made by a unique flow and includes a

>matching grid of ferro-concrete beams; each floor protrudes into the

>stairway space; the stairway sections are independent from each other; the

>upper floor supports the pendulum. The major axis of the structure points to

>approx NWN, and the stairway is located near the NW corner; so, assuming a

>thermal expansion of the upper floor, a movement of the pendulum support

>toward NW may be expected, with regard to the position of the camera located

>at the basement level, and this doesn't match what observed. However, I wish

>to remember that the inside temperature during measurements was rather

>constant, while the outside temperature ranged within a few degrees from

>night to daylight (I have no outside temperature data, but it was rather

>warm during night too).

>

>Regards,

>Antonio

 

 

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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Date: Wed, 8 Sep 1999 14:06:59 -0600

To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180

Subject: Re: R: Stationary pendulum

 

Thank you. We received the two control videos and photos in the mail today.

 

We look forward to going through them with your help.

 

David

 

 

 

>Dear Mr. Noever,

>

>today I' ve shipped you two more video tapes and three

>sequences of photographs, to be intended as control data. I wish to point

>out that, during these recordings, the moon was near to opposition.

>

>The tapes, 8 h each, are numbered 4 and 5 to match the sequence of my

>copies.

>

>Tape 4 covers    (time is always UT+2)

>from Aug 24,  23:29       tape offset  0:00

>to     Aug  25,  07:37       tape offset  8:09;

>

>Tape 5 has been recorded on Aug 25, and covers

>from                 07:39       tape offset  0:00

>to                     11:00       tape offset  3:21

>--------- here is a skip of 25 minutes

>from                 11:25       tape offset  3:21

>to                     13:50       tape offset   5:46

>--------- here is a skip of 8 minutes

>from                 13:58       tape offset  5:46

>to                     16:23        tape offset  8:11.

>

>They cover a period of more than 16 h of continuous recording, except the

>change of tape and the two short interruptions during which I made a

>comparison between recorded and current position of the pendulum.

>

>A first sequence of pictures (B01 to B17) covers this 16 h period with a 1 h

>step. The photographs have been taken from tapes 4 and 5 with a 5 seconds

>exposure. Pictures B01 to B03 show a residual motion from the reinstallation

>of the equipment. The whole sequence shows a tilt of the vertical which

>peaks near 10:00.

>

>A second sequence (C01 to C08) covers from 00:00 to 07:00 of Aug 26 (from

>tape 6, not shipped); it shows the same positions, tilt and trend as B01 to

>B08.

>

>Sequences B and C seem to show that a certain reliability could be credited

>to the supporting structure and to the experimental setup. I can' t explain

>the tilt by a thermal expansion of the upper structure, as this, if any,

>should produce an apparent tilt toward NW (see note below). Perhaps the

>observed tilt matches current gravity laws.

>

>A third sequence (E01 to E02) shows the position of the pendulum in the

>morning of Aug 12: it has been taken from tape 3 (not shipped, containing

>1:40 hour of recording before accessing the stairway to remove the

>equipment).

>

>Tapes 3 and 6 are available, and I could ship them on your request.

>

>Last week I' ve been very busy, and had no time to dedicate to the matter.

>However, a rapid playing of the tapes confirmed that the pendulum has been

>always in motion. Should I find useful control info in the tapes, I' ll

>follow up with further comments.

>

>Have you noticed that, in the first sequence of pictures (already in your

>hand), the tilt peaked before maximum eclipse? If this peak cannot be

>explained by current gravity laws or by a speed of gravity > c, then a

>second peak might exist, and perhaps I have not captured it using a 30

>minutes step. My short term planning includes a further analysis of this

>aspect and perhaps other measurements during next new moon.

>

>Further notes on the supporting structure:

>the soil is made of earth (no rocks) and is flat;

>the construction is very solid; it is long (25 m), wide (12 m) and low (less

>than 5 m over the ground plane); it rests on a grid of interconnected

>ferro-concrete beams located approx 3 m under the ground plane; a total of

>19 pillars (0.5 x 0.3 m, same materials) rise from the beam crossings and

>supports the floors; each floor was made by a unique flow and includes a

>matching grid of ferro-concrete beams; each floor protrudes into the

>stairway space; the stairway sections are independent from each other; the

>upper floor supports the pendulum. The major axis of the structure points to

>approx NWN, and the stairway is located near the NW corner; so, assuming a

>thermal expansion of the upper floor, a movement of the pendulum support

>toward NW may be expected, with regard to the position of the camera located

>at the basement level, and this doesn't match what observed. However, I wish

>to remember that the inside temperature during measurements was rather

>constant, while the outside temperature ranged within a few degrees from

>night to daylight (I have no outside temperature data, but it was rather

>warm during night too).

>

>Regards,

>Antonio

 

 

*****************************************************************************

Dr. David Noever                               Space Sciences Lab

Mail Code: SD48                                            Microgravity Science And Applications

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center   256-544-7783 (Ph)

Huntsville, AL 35812 USA                  256-544-2102 (FAX)

e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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Date: Thu, 9 Sep 1999 10:55:55 -0600

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update, September 9

 

To Eclipse Network Collaborators,

The following information may be useful as background, as supplied by a
number of other investigators.

We continue to receive various video and tabular data so we still
anticipate a comprehensive update soon to those who kindly provided their
time and energy. Please be patient.

Regards,

David

>The angles of the sun above the horizon  (using
>http://calsky.astroinfo.org/?obs=812152958009&cha=5&sec=6) are the following:
>
>1954 (Paris)      63f  partial
>1956 (Paris)      0f   partial
>1959 (Paris)      38f  partial
>1954 (Scotland)
>1965 (Italy)
>1970 (Boston)     36f  partial
>1981 (Romania)
>1990 (Finland)    0.5f total
>1991 (Mexico)     80f  total
>1995 (India)      84f  total


I have attached the July 1999 preprint article from C. Gay at French CNRS,
with some historical analysis of the various pendulum related and eclipse
measurements. It may prove useful background and the authors have indicated
that they would welcome any exchanges discussing it.

The solar eclipse and the pendulum : need for experiments

J. Guérin(1) and C. Gay(2)
(1) 94 Boulevard Maurice Barrès, 92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
(2) Laboratoire CNRS - Elf Atochem (UMR 167), 95, rue Danton, B.P.108,
92303 Levallois-Perret cedex, France,
cgay@pobox.com

PACS :
PACS :
PACS :

Abstract
We discuss experiments reported by various authors concerning the perturbed
motion of
paraconic and torsion penduli during solar eclipses in the last decades. We
argue that the
conclusive and non-conclusive results might all proceed from a
low-frequency tilt of the
apparent vertical direction during the eclipse. Very simple devices,
including penduli at rest
or existing seismographs or gravimeters, could provide an easier, more
reliable test.
Experiments with paraconic and torsion penduli could also be made more
sensitive to such a
tilt. We discuss various effects, and none of them appears to account for
this tilt, which still
remains a mystery.


Introduction
Total Solar eclipses, such as that on August 11th 1999, are visible at
least as partial eclipses
from a large region in the world. In that region and elsewhere, is it
possible to detect the
eclipse by using a simple pendulum ? The question seems queer. The eclipse
is a basic light
phenomenon: the Sun is hidden behind the Moon. As for the periodic motion
of the
pendulum, it has no evident reason for being influenced by the eclipse.
Yet various authors conducted the observation of a pendulum during solar
eclipses in the past  decades. Some of them (1,2,4) used a paraconic
pendulum (a modified version of Foucault's  pendulum, whose articulation
consists in the contact between two planes via a sphere, see  Figure 1).
Their observations focused on the orientation of the pendulum oscillation
plane.
Other authors (5,6,7,8) used a torsion pendulum (see Figure 1) and recorded
the pendulum
period. Some of these experiments yielded very intriguing results: a marked
effect was
observed in coincidence with the duration of the eclipse. The main observed
features are the
following. (i) The amplitude of the effect observed in some of these
experiments is strikingly
high: the oscillation plane of the paraconic pendulum has been observed by
Allais and
coworkers (1,2) to deviate by as much as several degrees (see Figures 2 and
3) and the period
of the torsion pendulum was observed by Saxl and Allen (5) to undergo a 2.7
10-4 relative
increase (see Figure 4). (ii) In some experiments, the effect started
before the eclipse had
reached the observation locus (5), or more precisely when the eclipse
started on Earth (1, 2).
(iii) In the experiment by Saxl and Allen (5), a cyclic change in the
pendulum period was also
observed for a few hours just before the eclipse started locally. This
cyclic change had a
period of one hour and was also observed a fortnight later, when the Moon
and the Sun were
in opposite directions, as seen from the Earth. In other experiments,
Allais and coworkers also
reported unexpectedly strong cyclic perturbations of the pendulum motion
over long periods
of time (sideral day, month), similar to tidal effects (see (3) and
references therein). These
various observations led them to the conclusion (1,2,5,3) that the laws of
gravitation should
be revised, although they did not outline the elements of such a revision.
The other authors
(6,8,4) only detected a weak effect, if any at all. Kuusela, however, (6,7)
also measured the
mean position of his torsion pendulum in the horizontal plane and obtained
interesting results
which we shall discuss at length later.
Such experiments are highly unpredictable (especially those with a
paraconic pendulum)
since many phenomena affect the pendulum motion. Among these, some are
known, although
unpredictable (e.g., seismic activity), and others are predictable
qualitatively, although not
always quantitatively (tidal effects on the Earth crust). In such a
context, established temporal
correlations with such a definite phenomenon as a solar eclipse provide a
suggestive
indication that it may indeed influence the pendulum motion. On account of
all these
experiments, the influence of a solar eclipse on penduli seems established.
The origin of such
an effect, however, remains unknown and should be accounted for. The fact
that some
experiments do not show any significant effect should also be explained.
In the present note, we essentially focus on the last point. Indeed, we
argue that these
experiments lead to diverging conclusions (existence or absence of a
significant effect)
because they actually all test the same phenomenon in an indirect way: we
show qualitatively
that a slow tilt of the apparent vertical direction at the experiment locus
during the eclipse
could account for the positive and negative results obtained. We finally
discuss a few possible
origins for such a tilt and the improvements that could be brought to
previous experiments.


Apparent gravity change
The motion of a pendulum can be perturbed either by a force acting on the
pendulum itself, or
by an acceleration of its attachment point. Both types of perturbations are
essentially
equivalent. In the present situation, it seems excluded that the pendulum
could be excited at a
frequency close to the pendulum resonance frequency: the characteristic
time-scales of the
eclipse (a few minutes up to a few hours) are much longer than those of the
pendulum (at
most a few seconds). Therefore, the perturbation of the pendulum motion can
only originate
in a slow excitation whose amplitude is essentially that of the observed
resulting pendulum
perturbation.
This slow excitation could be due to a direct, specific force acting on the
pendulum, for
instance of magnetic or electrostatic origin. Electrostatic effects were
ruled out at least in the
experiments by Saxl and Allen (5). The magnetism of the Moon is very much
weaker than
that of the Earth, and the interactions between the two have no reason for
presenting any
accident during the eclipse. Magnetic perturbations on Earth during an
eclipse are likely to be
rather due to the solar wind, which consists mainly in electrons, protons
and Helium nuclei:
the Moon stops the solar wind, which certainly perturbs the magnetic field
around the Earth.
As a consequence, it may affect both the pendulum (if it happens to be
sensitive to the
magnetic field) and the Earth itself. The solar wind, however, is kept at a
great distance by the
magnetic field of the Earth. As a consequence, the effects of the
corresponding shadow could
not be precisely time-correlated with the eclipse. Such an origin of the
effect thus seems to be
ruled out too.
If the excitation is due either to a non-specific force acting on the
pendulum or to an
acceleration of the attachment point (i.e., of the whole experimental
setup), then it is
equivalent to a slow change in the apparent gravity (in direction and
possibly in intensity). We
now show that such a very low-frequency deviation might explain, at least
qualitatively, the
observations that were reported, except for the cyclic changes observed by
Saxl and Allen
(see point (iii) above).
Allais and coworkers (1,2) observed the azimuth of the oscillation plane of
the paraconic
pendulum in the following way. Every 20 minutes, they dropped the pendulum
from the last
observed azimuth and with the initial amplitude. We argue that such
observations are
consistent with the assumption that the apparent vertical direction had
changed. Indeed,
suppose that the oscillation plane is oriented, say, North-South, and that
the vertical direction
is changed towards the East or the West. If the azimuth of the oscillation
plane is only
measured from one side (say, North) with respect to the usual pendulum rest
position, then
the inclination of the oscillation plane due to the change in the apparent
vertical direction can
be wrongly interpreted as an azimuth change. Moreover, in such a case, a
real increment of
the oscillation plane azimuth is introduced when the pendulum is dropped
from the last
azimuth observed relatively to the usual rest position with an increased
amplitude. Repeatedly
dropping the pendulum in such a way then agregates the azimuth increments
into a rotation of
the oscillation plane, which can be ill-interpreted as the primary effect.
Our assumption could
also explains why some of the experiments did not yield any significant
results: the absolute
azimuth of the oscillation plane at the time of the eclipse appears to be a
key factor, as well as
the repeated pendulum dropping. Savrov concludes that his experiments (4)
yield no
significant effect. But his pendulum experiences a one-go motion over the
whole eclipse
duration at that point. Moreover, the method used for measuring the azimuth
(by fitting the
trajectory with an ellipse) is less sensitive to a tilt of the vertical
direction.
Saxl and Allen (5) used a torsion pendulum and observed a change in the
oscillation period.
Through various counter-experiments, they ruled out several possible
origins of the period
increase: deviations from the linear elasticity of the wire, temperature
change, electrostatic
effects, weight increase. Our assumption of a change in the apparent
vertical direction would
be equivalent to a tilt of the whole apparatus: the resulting flexion of
the upper part of the
wire could affect its elastic response and hence alter the pendulum period.
Apparently, the
authors did not check for the effect of such a tilt. It is clear that the
sensitivity
of such an experimental setup as a torsion pendulum to a drift of the
apparent vertical
direction depends on several parameters, including the detailed elastic
response of the wire to
a static flexion near the attachment point. That may well explain why
recent experiments
showed a much weaker variation of the pendulum period (8,6,7).
Kuusela also used a torsion pendulum. Apart from the period, he very
interestingly recorded
the mean position of the torsion pendulum wire (6,7). On both occasions, he
observed a very
slow deviation of the wire mean position, which was more important during
these eclipses
than at other times under otherwise similar conditions. Moreover, during
his Mexico
experiment (7), the mean position in the East-West direction showed a
marked accident (see
Figure 5) when the eclipse started at the point of observation (10-6rad
mean tilt of the wire
over a fifteen minute period of time). So far, that result is probably the
strongest indication
that our assumption may be correct: the apparent vertical direction may
well be tilted during
total solar eclipses.


Possible origins and discussion
We now wish to discuss a few possible origins for the tilt of the apparent
vertical direction
during the eclipse. One of the most striking features of the experiments on
paraconic and
torsion penduli is that in some cases, an effect appears before the eclipse
has reached the
observation locus. Indeed, the oscillations reported by Saxl and Allen (5)
start at least two
hours before the local start of the eclipse, and similarly, the azimuth
deviation reported by
Allais coincides with the global start of the eclipse (1,2). We therefore
need to look for an
effect that can propagate from the point where the eclipse is first visible
on Earth towards the
point of observation. Kuusela's observation of a 10-6rad tilt is probably
the most reliable order
of magnitude we have so far. It corresponds to 10-6 times the gravity
acceleration g, i.e., a 10-
5m/s2 acceleration. Another major feature of the effect is its long
time-scale: it smoothly
covers (1,2) the major part of the eclipse duration (typically T=10-4s). We
now discuss the
orders of magnitude of the effects we can think of.
The most immediate effect of an eclipse is the shadow that moves on the
Earth surface. The
shadow causes a default in radiation pressure from the Sun, which amounts
to a net attractive
force towards the Sun, which could perturb the Earth motion. The intensity
of the Sun
radiation pressure at the Earth distance, however, is of order 5 10-6Pa,
which is far too weak
to account for the observed acceleration. The shadow is also known to cause
important
atmospheric effects: the temperature can locally drop by several degrees
during total eclipses.
But the velocity of the Moon shadow at the surface of the Earth is always
supersonic. Hence,
a transmission through the atmosphere is excluded. The only possible
transmission modes are
then a sound wave through the soil or through the whole Earth interior. The
Earth motion is
therefore globally affected, and the required order of magnitude is a
10-6m/s2 linear
acceleration or a 10-6rad/s change in the Earth angular velocity. This is
more than atmospheric
effects can satisfactorily explain. Indeed, even strong winds over the
whole Earth surface
would not sufficiently alter the planet rotation. Similarly, the
temperature drop in the shadow
region induces pressure changes in the atmosphere and air displacements
towards the ground,
thus causing a translation of the Earth itself in the opposite direction.
Again, the order of
magnitude of such an effect is highly insufficient.
Another possible origin of the perturbation is a gravity effect. The Moon
and the Sun certainly
each perturb the pendulum motion, due to their gravitational attraction
acting on the
pendulum itself. They also cause tidal deformations of the Earth surface
which in turn
influence the pendulum motion through an acceleration of its attachment
point. But the Moon
and Sun respective motions relatively to the Earth are not known to present
any special
accident at the time of the eclipse, when they are aligned with Earth.
Therefore, such effects
alone cannot account for the observed perturbations which coincide with the
eclipse. One
could also think of a gravitational lense effect. The deviation angle due
to the Moon is of
order GMMRM-1c-2=3 10-11rad, where G is the constant of gravitation, RM and
MM are the
radius and mass of the Moon, and c is the speed of light. This weak
gravitational lense might
somewhat locally focus the Sun attraction. This effect is several orders of
magnitude too
weak, however, to account for the observed acceleration. Any gravity effect
must therefore be
searched for elsewhere. One could also imagine that the Moon might screen a
small part of
the gravitational attraction from the Sun, as if the cross-section of
gravitons with matter had
some non-zero value s (m2/kg) (10). Such a "gravity shadow" effect would
influence the
pendulum motion in two ways. First, the whole Earth motion would be
perturbed by the
corresponding effective repulsive force from the Sun: it would be globally
pushed away, and
its rotation would be first slightly slowed down (during the first half of
the eclipse), then
speeded up, and this global perturbation would influence the pendulum
through its attachment
point. Second, the "gravity shadow" would affect directly the pendulum
during the time when
the eclipse is visible from that point. The order of magnitude of such an
effect is certainly too
weak to account for a 10-5m/s2 acceleration of the Earth. Indeed, the
screening effect of the
Moon would be of the order of the dimensionless parameter srMRM, where rM
is the Moon
density. During the eclipse, a fraction srMRM(RM2 /RE2) of the attraction
from the Sun would
be screened. To yield the correct Earth acceleration, the cross-section
should be of order
s=10-10m2/kg. Such a value is too high by several orders of magnitude, as
can be seen from
some other interesting consequences of such a hypothetical "gravity shadow"
effect. (i)
Similar, more pronounced effects on the Moon should take place during Moon
eclipses. (ii)
There should be an additional slow precession of the perihelium of planet
trajectories (since
the apparent center of mass of the Sun would be slightly shifted towards
the planet). For
instance, one second of arc per century for Mercury roughly corresponds
s=10-19m2/kg, which
is very much smaller than the above estimation derived from the pendulum
effect. (iii)
Another consequence would be a slight correction to the apparent mass of
celestial bodies
(e.g., for the same smaller value of s, the Sun screening factor would be
of order 10-6), and
possibly correlated cosmological consequences.


Conclusion
As emphasized earlier, the measured orders of magnitude for the effect of
total solar eclipses
on the pendulum motion are important. We discussed various experiments
performed with
paraconic and torsion penduli and showed that the results could be
understood in terms of a
tilt of the apparent vertical direction during the eclipse. Moreover,
Kuusela's observations (7)
concerning the mean position of his torsion pendulum seem to indicate that
such a tilt might
be as important as 10-6rad. With the tilt interpretation in mind, it might
be worth
reconsidering data from previous measurements, and also carrying out new
measurements. In
principle, simpler devices should also allow for a similar observation of
the tilt. The simplest
is a pendulum at rest. Seismographs or spring-operated gravimeters could
also be used. It
should be noted, however, that Saxl and Allen (5) give one observation that
does not seem to
have been observed elsewhere, namely the slow oscillations of the pendulum
period prior to
the eclipse (see Introduction, point iii). They mention that they observed
these oscillations
many times using their torsion pendulum, but that static devices such as
gravimeters do not
allow for such an observation (11). Hence, paraconic and torsion penduli
may well be more
sensitive than a gravimeter or a pendulum at rest to a tilt of the apparent
vertical direction.
Further experiments with torsion and paraconic penduli, however, should be
conducted with
increased concern for such shifts of the vertical direction: (i) the
corresponding sensitivity
should be increased (for a torsion pendulum, by use of a shorter and more
rigid wire, possibly
with anisotropic elasticity), and (ii) the apparatus should be calibrated
by artificially tilting
the setup.
Once it is detected, the time-dependence of the effect, as it is recorded
at the observation
locus and possibly at several places simultaneously, could yield precious
indications on the
physical origin of the phenomenon. For instance, if it originates in the
shadow, its time-
dependence at the beginning of the eclipse should then be tightly related
to the displacement
of the Moon penumbria and shadow at the surface of the Earth, which can be
evaluated
easily. The effect of the shadow on the atmosphere is much complex: it
depends on the local
geography (ocean or continent, tropics or polar region) and possibly on the
meteorology. In
the vicinity of the instants of tangential contact, however, these
variations should depend only
(to first order) on the shadow characteristics and should therefore follow
the corresponding
simple power laws. Such power laws could be compared to measured variations
of the effect
on the pendulum. In all types of experiments, the global and local
circumstances of the
eclipse certainly also play a role, and their influence might also yield
indications on the
physical origin of the whole effect.
We considered a few possible physical origins for this tilt of the vertical
direction. None of
them proved convincing: magnetic effects do not seem to explain the time
coincidence of the
effect with the eclipse, while other effects (atmospheric, gravitational)
do not appear to yield
the correct order of magnitude. The origin of the perturbation of the
pendulum motion thus
remains mainly unexplained. Cross-correlated recordings with simple setups
(penduli,
gravimeters, seismographs) or more demanding measurements (such as
astronomical
observations of distant stars and accurate laser measurements of the
Earth-Moon distance),
and various simultaneous counter-experiments (recording of the magnetic
field, etc) will be
needed in the future to shed some light on this mysterious eclipse effect.


Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge interesting discussions with François Bondu,
Itamar Borukhov,
Pascale Fabre, Serge Koutchmy, Tom Kuusela, Stéphane Lavignac, Christian
Ligoure,
Laurence Ramos, Patrick Rocher, Geneviève Roult, André Schröder.

Figure captions

1. The paraconic pendulum is articulated through a sphere in contact with
one horizontal
plane and one mobile plane (a). It thus has two rotational degrees of
freedom. The torsion
pendulum (b) has only one rotational degree of freedom.
2. Allais 1954.
3. Allais 1959.
4. Saxl and Allen 1971.
5. x and y mean positions of the torsion pendulum wire as recorded by
Kuusela (7) during the
eclipse. The y axis points towards the West. Letters a, b and c denote the
start, maximum and
end of the eclipse at the point of observation.


***

(1) M. Allais, Mouvements du pendule paraconique et éclipse totale de
soleil du 30 juin 1954,
C. R. Acad. Sci., 245, 2001-2003, 1957.
(2) M. Allais, Unpublished work, 1959, cited in reference [3].
(3) M. Allais, L'anisotropie de l'espace, Clément Juglar, Paris, 1997.
(4) L. A. Savrov, Experiment with paraconic pendulums during the november
3, 1994 solar
eclipse in Brazil, Measurement Techniques, 40 (6), 511-516, 1997.
(5) E. J. Saxl and M. Allen, 1970 solar eclipse as 'seen' by a torsion
pendulum, Phys. Rev. D,
3, 823-825, 1971.
(6) T. Kuusela, Effect of the solar eclipse on the period of a torsion
pendulum, Phys. Rev. D,
43(6), 2041-2043, 1991.
(7) T. Kuusela, New measurements with a torsion pendulum during the solar
eclipse, General
Relativity and Gravitation, 4, 543-550, 1992.
(8) L. Jun, L. Jianguo, Z. Xuerong, V. Liakhovets, M. Lomonosov and A.
Ragyn, Observation
of 1990 solar eclipse by a torsion pendulum, Phys. Rev. D, 44(8),
2611-2613, 1991.
(9) D. C. Mishra, M. B. S. Vyaghreswara Rao, Temporal variation in gravity
field
during solar eclipse on 24 October 1995, Current Science, 72(11), 782-783,
1997.
(10) In this point of view, the usual gravitational field can be considered
as the product of the
flux of graviton momentum from the Sun and the cross-section s. Each of
these factors is
then undetermined, only their product is fixed.
(11) Note, however, that Mishra et al., who recorded the gravity field
intensity during the
October 1995 eclipse (9), observed one significant oscillation just before
the eclipse, which is
very reminiscent of Saxl and Allen's oscillations. The amplitude of the
effect was about
$10mgal=10-7m/s2 and it lasted for somewhat more than half an hour.
J. GUERIN et al. SOLAR ECLIPSE AND PENDULUM 6

July 1999



*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail:
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Subject: Eclipse Network Update: Sept. 13

 

To Eclipse Network Collaborators,

We are still analyzing various eclipse videos in converted NTSC formats. I
have attached a summary of reference literature concerning background
effects, mainly atmospheric including pressure and temperature references.

To summarize some of the local atmospheric effects of eclipse, it may be
of interest to review the historical observations.

1) Temperature, 2-5 C drop, lagging totality by up to 30 minutes
2) Pressure, 0.002% change, lagging totality
3) Ionospheric, atmospheric D,E,F layer changes are complex, but
generally several 10's km above ground; hollowed-out electron content
around 100's km above ground with shadow
4) Local wind speeds, generally decrease with local temperature
decreases, but very sporadic and unpredictable changes over
geographically distributed areas
5) pressure waves, generally microbarometric, around 300 km/s,
quasiperiodic structures can be as long as 23 minutes to 4 hours

[In general, all these effects have characteristic lag times that do not
coincide (either for period or initiation phase) with any of the
recorded pendulum changes historically].

Here are miscellaneous references:



Fernandez, Walter, Castro, Vilma, Hidalgo, Hugo, Earth, Moon, and
Planets vol. 63, no. 2 p. 133-147 November 1993

"Air temperature and wind measurements on the surface and in the free
atmosphere taken during the total solar eclipse of July 11, 1991, are
analyzed. Surface air temperature decreased significantly, 2 to 5 C in
general, with the lowest values occurring 10 to 30 minutes after
totality. In some places, surface wind speed decreased gradually during
the eclipse, as a result of the decrease of air temperature and
temperature gradients. In other places, it increased due to local
atmospheric conditions. A radiosonde launched at 13:26 LT (local time)
appeared to have been affected by the moon's shadow at about 13 km
height. At this altitude temperature was relatively lower than usual and
the balloon carrying the radiosonde experienced an upward acceleration.
Also at this altitude wind direction changed and wind speed decreased."

Seykora, E. J. .  Bhatnagar, A.  Jain, R. M., Streete, J. L. Nature,
vol. 313, Jan. 10, 1985, p. 124, 125. "Evidence of atmospheric gravity
waves produced during the 11 June 1983 total solar eclipse"

"The detection of a ground-level pressure wave at three stations in
India and one in Java is reported which may provide the first direct
observation of solar eclipse-generated gravity waves over a very long
range. The most distant station in India was 6600 km from the eclipse
center line. The microbarometer recordings indicate that a wave
disturbance was recorded at each station with a quasi-period of roughly
4 hr and a wave velocity of about 320 km/s."

Hajkowicz, L. A. Nature, vol. 266, Mar. 10, 1977, p. 147, 148.

"Results are reported for observations of large-magnitude periodic
fadings of VHF radio signals transmitted by six nonsynchronous
satellites at a frequency of 149.988 MHz and by another such satellite
at 136.740 MHz during the solar eclipse of October 23, 1976. The results
are based on amplitude recordings of the radio signals and indicate that
the eclipse was associated with the generation of a wave disturbance
that affected radio-satellite transmissions in the upper VHF. It is
noted that the largest periodic fadings were recorded about the time the
eclipse terminated. Some characteristics of the disturbances are
discussed which suggest that the eclipse apparently generated TIDs with
a number of wavelengths ranging from about 40 to 700 km."

Goodwin, G. L.  Hobson, G. J. Nature, vol. 275, Sept. 14, 1978, p.
109-111."Atmospheric gravity waves generated during a solar eclipse"

Arendt, P. R. NATURE, VOL. 230, P. 89, 90. "Ionospheric effects during
the solar eclipse of March 7, 1970"



"Four microbarographs were used to detect atmospheric pressure
oscillations caused by a solar eclipse. The data indicate that the
moon's cool shadow moving with supersonic speed through the earth's
atmosphere is able to generate bow waves (which are accompanied by
pressure oscillations). Four stations in Australia collected data during
the total solar eclipse of October 23, 1976, and the detected internal
gravity waves were found to have a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.1 to 0.2
Pa, a period of 23 min, and a velocity of 310 m/s. The analysis of the
data is described."

Note: 1 atm.=10^-5 Pa, so 0.2 Pa= 0.002% change in atmospheric pressure

Beer, T.   Goodwin, G. L.  Hobson, G. J. Nature, vol. 264, Dec. 2, 1976,
p. 420, 421."Atmospheric gravity wave production for the solar eclipse
of October 23, 1976"

Jones, B. W.   Bogart, R. S.Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial
Physics, vol. 37, Sept. 1975, p. 1223-1226."Eclipse induced atmospheric
gravity waves"

Hanuise, C.  Broche, P.   Ogubazghi, G. Journal of Atmospheric and
Terrestrial Physics, vol. 44, Nov. 1982, p. 963-966. "HF Doppler
observations of gravity waves during the 16 February 1980 solar eclipse"


Beckman, J. E.  Clucas, J. I. Nature, vol. 246, Dec. 14, 1973, p. 412,
413."Search for atmospheric gravity waves induced by the eclipse of June
30, 1973"

Ichinose, T.  Ogawa, T. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 81, May 1,
1976, p. 2401-2404."Internal gravity waves deduced from the HF Doppler
data during the April 19, 1958, solar eclipse"


Datta, R. N. Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics, vol. 2, Sept.
1973, p. 180-182, "Observations on sporadic-E ionization over temperate
latitudes during solar eclipse"

Butcher, E. C.,Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 78, Nov. 1, 1973,
p. 7563-7566.,"Possible detection of a gravity wave in the phase height
of the F region due to the eclipse of March 7, 1970"

Devi, M.  Barbara, A. K.  Talukdar, P. Indian Journal of Radio and Space
Physics, vol. 11, Feb. 1982, p. 42-44."Effects of gravity waves on
eclipse time absorption of radio waves"

Singh, Lakha  Tyagi, Tuhi Ram  Somayajulu, Y. V.  Vijayakumar, P. N.
Dabas, R. S. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, vol. 51,
April 1989, p. 271-278. "A multi-station satellite radio beacon study of
ionospheric variations during total solar eclipses"


Chimonas, G.  Hines, C. O.JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 76, P.
7003-7005. "Atmospheric gravity waves induced by a solar eclipse.
II"

Da Rosa, A. V.  Davis, M. J.NATURE, VOL. 226, P. 1123. "Possible
detection of atmospheric gravity waves generated by the solar eclipse"

Chimonas, G. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 75, P. 5545-5551.
"Internal gravity-wave motions induced in the earth's atmosphere by a
solar eclipse"

Arendt, P. R., JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 76, P. 4695-4697.
"Ionosphere-gravity wave interactions during the March 7, 1970, solar
eclipse"

Karadzhaev, IU. 
Gorbunova, T. A. Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiia, vol. 30,
Nov.-Dec. 1990, p. 1035-1037. In Russian."The structure of the sporadic
E layer during a solar eclipse"

"A spectral analysis of the parameters of the sporadic E layer measured
above Ashkhabad during the solar eclipse of April 29, 1976, is
presented. During the eclipse (as compared with a control period),
additional peaks were observed in the power spectra along with a
substantial increase in the spectral-density values. It is suggested
that the spectral variations of the Es-layer parameters were caused by
internal gravity waves generated by the eclipse."

Datta, R. N. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 77, Jan. 1, 1972, p.
260-262."Solar-eclipse effect on sporadic-E ionization"

"Occurrence of sporadic E ionization during the partial solar eclipse of
1955 over Haringhata is studied in the light of the present theory
relating to internal gravity waves. It is found that the variation of
the top frequency of Es ionization indicates a periodicity that is
inexplicable by the normal eclipse effect observed for regular
ionospheric layers. From a critical study of the variation, a tentative
conclusion is drawn indicating that the enhancement of Es ionization
during the solar eclipse over this station may be related to internal
gravity waves generated in the atmosphere from the fast-moving cooling
spot of the shadow region"

Talukdar, P.  Devi, M.  Barbara, A. K. Indian Journal of Radio and Space
Physics, vol. 11, Feb. 1982, p. 20-22.

"Reference is made to recent studies indicating that the mechanisms
causing an increase in electron content and electron density and those
causing a reduction of these parameters come into play simultaneously
during a solar eclipse. An ionosonde having a sweep frequency of 1 to 25
MHz, covered in 1 min, is used in the study described here. It has a
peak power of 6 kW and uses a crossed-delta-type antenna. It is noted
that the ionograms were recorded photographically. The parameters
f(0)F2, h(prime)F and h(p)F2 are found to increase during the eclipse.
The F1 and F2 ionization densities changed in mutually opposite senses.
This is seen as suggesting that ionization is transported from the lower
to the upper layer, thereby causing ionization enhancement in the F2
layer. Wavelike patterns are observed in the variations of f(0)F2 and
f(min). The observed undulations are linked with gravity waves, possibly
induced during the eclipse."


Walker, G. O.  Li, T. Y. Y.  Wong, Y. W.   Kikuchi, T.  Huang, Y. N.
Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, vol. 53, Jan.-Feb. 1991,
p. 25-37.

"A chain of observational stations running parallel to the path of
totality has been used to obtain ionograms, electron-content
measurements, magnetograms, and microbarograph recordings of the effects
of the March 18, 1988 solar eclipse's transit through Southeast Asia.
Depletions of f0E and f0F1 are noted, and electron density-height
profiles reveal a deeply hollowed-out electron-density valley over the
200-300 km altitude range. The equatorial anomally diffusion process was
substantially reduced. As a result of the electron density depletion in
the E-region at the magnetic equator, the northward movement of S(q)
current electrons was halted. Direct evidence is obtained for the
production of acoustic gravity waves by the moving bow wave front of the
solar eclipse."

Raj, E. P.  Jogulu, C.  Madhusudhana Rao, B.  Srirama Rao, M. Annales de
Geophysique, vol. 38, Jan.-Mar. 1982, p. 51-54."Unusual long period HF
phase path fluctuation observed on 16 February, 1980 solar eclipse day"

"An analysis of phase path fluctuations occurring in the F-region of the
ionosphere as measured by 5.6 MHz fixed frequency pulsed vertical
transmissions during a solar eclipse is presented. The phase path
increase began with the eclipse and continued until 7 min after total
obscuration of the sun. Comparison with data from a normal day showed
the eclipse readings to be excessive, followed by a decline to normal
levels. The large amplitude periodic fluctuation displayed three maxima
and two minima with an oscillatory pattern corresponding to an upward
and downward layer motion of the atmosphere. Smoothing the curve of the
increases by linear regression and using a classical acoustic formula
for the amplitude of a damped sinusoidal waveform produced a figure
which matched well with the observed phase path for three cycles of the
recorded oscillation."

Butcher, E. C.  Downing, A. M.  Cole, K. D. Journal of Atmospheric and
Terrestrial Physics, vol. 41, May 1979, p. 439-444.

"In this paper we present the results of accurate group height
measurements of the ionosphere which were taken in the path of totality
of a solar eclipse. A strong oscillation of period near 30-35 min was
observed in the F-region about 17 min after totality occurred at the 45
km level and a smaller amplitude wave of period near 15 min appeared
after the longer period wave had died away. These waves appear to be
associated with the eclipse and a tentative model is proposed that
explains these periods and the periods reported for the 1973 West
African eclipse."

*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail:
david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update, September 14, 1999

 

To Eclipse Network Collaborators,

There are two additions to this update. Comments and corrections are welcome.

First, a first draft reference list is included. Additions and corrections
will be made to this list, and we are mailing it now to solicit changes. If
we have electronic formats for these references in hand, we will be happy
to forward those on request as abstracts or complete articles if available.
Some of these are already available online.

The papers now online

There are previous pictures available at
http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/Eclipse_Mishra.html

And although we have no association with these sites, the original pictures
from Allais' work are available now online at:
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/7919/Allais.htm

And also the Harvard study
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/7919/Saxl.htm

The Vienna Research group has the following site online:
http://amok.astro.univie.ac.at/~wuchterl/Foucault/
It is in german for the moment.

Secondly, a tentative  title and list of collaborators is attached at the
bottom. There will be many additions to this, and we mail it now, since
many on this network will want to include others who's assistance was
helpful during the eclipse. Within each laboratory, feel free to modify
this list. If anybody requests electronic addresses to correspond with
others on the network, we can answer those requests.

If any oversights were made, I am responsible, so please don't hesitate to
correct these, add or omit, as you see fit. This list presently just
represent those who put in their data to the pool.

The title itself is purposely vague at this early stage, but is perhaps
necessary  given the many different measurement approaches as well as the
uncertainties as to any explanations (if any eventually prove viable). It
is all editable later on.

If researchers want to omit their participation for any reason, that option
will be available as the text and figures are assembled for actual
publication and submission. So this list is very tentative and included
here only to add to. Any address corrections are also appreciated.

The review process on the actual results will allow many other chances for
people to scrutinize and check off any results or conclusions, so perhaps
it is best to reserve that right if questions arise.

There remain three priorities that will be answered in detailed updates as
we go along:
1) quantitative analysis of observations
2) proposed physical theories, if any
3) error and artifact analysis

These last 3 topics will be the focus of the comparison between different
data sets to self-check results. We do not have any conclusions yet to pass
on, but a very brief synopsis as we collate the different methods is shown
below for critique:

Video and data from:
Torsion pendulum (1; Germany, Greifswald Observatory); Foucault pendulum
(4; Kremsmuenster Observatory, Austria; Vienna Technical Museum, Austria;
Louisville Department of Physics; US; University of Trento, Italy; Boulder,
CO, US; Huntsville, US); stationary pendulum (1; Italy)

Direct gravity instruments:
Superconducting gravity meters (1; Vienna); spring gravity meters (10;
Huntsville, US; St. Jean de Braye, France; Denver, US (2); University of
Trieste, Italy; Abu Dhabi (6); Virginia Tech, US); electro-optic (Institute
of Metrology, Turkey); falling mass absolute gravity meters (Japan,
Germany, Switzerland, US)

Magnetometers:
Southampton, England; Denver, US

Barometers
(Vienna)

Seismometers
(Kremsmuenster; note most of the gravimeters of a spring-mass serve as
one-axis seismometers in the vertical)

All these are synchronized and compared. Each video when digitized is
nearly half a terabyte (trillion) of data unless compressed.

It will be important for each research group to correct the methods
sections for their individual instruments, since this is largely going to
be based on inputs already received. Professor Allais has agreed to discuss
his original research and any refinements on mechanisms that may be helpful.

Regards and thanks again for your ongoing interest in this research topic,

David


References

Adamuti, I. A , The screen effect of the earth in the TETG - Theory of a
screening experiment of a sample body at the equator, using the earth as a
screen, Nuovo Cimento C, Serie 1, vol. 5C, Mar.-Apr. 1982, p. 189-208.
Adamuti, I.A., Il Nuovo Cimento, 5C, 189 (1982)
Allais, M.  L'anisotropie de l'espace, Clément Juglar, Paris, 1997, (The
Anisotrophy of Space)
Allais, M., Mouvements du pendule paraconique et éclipse totale de soleil
du 30 juin 1954,  C. R. Acad. Sci., 245, 2001-2003, 1957.
M. Allais,
Aero/Space Engineering, Sept. 1959, p. 46-52; Aero/Space Engineering, Oct.
1959, p. 51-55; Aero/Space Engineering, Nov. 1959, p. 55; C.R.A.S. (Fr.),
247,1958, p. 1428; ibid, p. 2284; C.R.A.S. (Fr.), 248,1959, p. 764; ibid,
p. 359
Anderson, J.D.,  et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2858-2861 (1998).
Arendt, P. R. Nature, VOL. 230, P. 89, 90. "Ionospheric effects during the
solar eclipse of March 7, 1970"
Arendt, P. R., Journal of Geophys. Res., V. 76, P.
4695-4697."Ionosphere-gravity wave interactions during the March 7, 1970,
solar eclipse"
Avron,Y., Livio, M. "Considerations regarding a space-shuttle measurement
of the gravitational constant," Astrophys. J., 304, L61-L64, (1986).
Beckman, J. E.  Clucas, J. I. Nature, vol. 246, Dec. 14, 1973, p. 412,
413."Search for atmospheric gravity waves induced by the eclipse of June
30, 1973"
Beer, T.   Goodwin, G. L.  Hobson, G. J. Nature, vol. 264, Dec. 2, 1976, p.
420, 421."Atmospheric gravity wave production for the solar eclipse of
October 23, 1976"
Beer, T.   Goodwin, G. L.  Hobson, G. J. Nature, vol. 264, Dec. 2, 1976, p.
420, 421."Atmospheric gravity wave production for the solar eclipse of
October 23, 1976"
Butcher, E. C.  Downing, A. M.  Cole, K. D. Journal of Atmospheric and
Terrestrial Physics, vol. 41, May 1979, p. 439-444.
Butcher, E. C.,Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 78, Nov. 1, 1973, p.
7563-7566.,"Possible detection of a gravity wave in the phase height of the
F region due to the eclipse of March 7, 1970"
Chimonas, G.  Hines, C. O.JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 76, P.
7003-7005. "Atmospheric gravity waves induced by a solar eclipse. II"
Chimonas, G. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 75, P.
5545-5551."Internal gravity-wave motions induced in the earth's atmosphere
by a solar eclipse"
Crane, H. R. "Foucault pendulum 'wall clock', Amer. J. Phys. 62, 33 (1995)
Da Rosa, A. V.  Davis, M. J.NATURE, VOL. 226, P. 1123. "Possible detection
of atmospheric gravity waves generated by the solar eclipse"
Datta, R. N. Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics, vol. 2, Sept. 1973,
p. 180-182, "Observations on sporadic-E ionization over temperate latitudes
during solar eclipse"
Datta, R. N. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 77, Jan. 1, 1972, p.
260-262."Solar-eclipse effect on sporadic-E ionization"
De Marchi, A.; Ortolano, M.; Periale, F.; Rubiola, E , Planning To Measure
G With A Pendulum, General Relativity and Gravitational Physics;
Proceedings of the 12th Italian Conference, edited by M. Bassan, V.
Ferrari, M. Francaviglia, F. Fucito, and I. Modena. World Scientific Press,
1997.,
Deines, Steven D., Missing relativity effects in GPS, Jan 01, 1990 IN: ION
GPS-90; Proceedings of the 3rd International Technical Meeting of the
Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Colorado Springs, CO,
Sept. 19-21, 1990 (A92-16926 04-17). Washington, DC, Institute of
Navigation, 1990, p. 138-142. International Technical Meeting of the
Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation Colorado Springs, CO
Sept. 19-21, 1990
Devi, M.  Barbara, A. K.  Talukdar, P. Indian Journal of Radio and Space
Physics, vol. 11, Feb. 1982, p. 42-44."Effects of gravity waves on eclipse
time absorption of radio waves"
Diesel, John, Conley, Rob, A new way of integrating GPS with INS In: ION
GPS-91; Proceedings of the 4th International Technical Meeting of the
Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Albuquerque, NM, Sept.
11-13, 1991 (A93-21126 06-17)  Page: p. 191-196.
Dobrokhotov, U.S., Parisky, N., and Lysenko, V. "Observations of tidal
variations of gravity in Kiev during the solar eclipse on Feb. 15, 1961",
Symp. Intern. Marees, Terestres, 4th, Comm. Obs. Roy. Belg. Ser. Geophys.,
58, 66-67, 1961.
Esposito, P.B. "Evaluation of the geocentric gravitional constant from
(Mars) Viking doppler and range data," J. Geophys. Res. 84: 3654-3658
(1979).
Farinella, P., Milani, A., Nobili, A.M. "The measurement of the
gravitational constant in an orbiting laboratory," Astrophys. Space Sci.
73: 417-433 (1980)
Fernandez, Walter, Castro, Vilma, Hidalgo, Hugo, Earth, Moon, and Planets
vol. 63, no. 2 p. 133-147 November 1993
Flynt, F. Comment, Aero/Space Engineering, May 1960
Gillies, G. Metrologia, 24 (Suppl.) 1-56 (1987)
Gillies, G.T.  American J. of Physics (58, 530, 1990
Goodwin, G. L.  Hobson, G. J. Nature, vol. 275, Sept. 14, 1978, p.
109-111."Atmospheric gravity waves generated during a solar eclipse"
Guan, T.R.; Hu, E.K., Inspecting The Period Changes Of The Torsion Pendulum
During Solar And Lunar Eclipses, Acta Astronomica Sinica V.32:1, P. 1, 1991
Guérin, j. (1) and C. Gay(2), preprint: The solar eclipse and the pendulum
: need for experiments, July 1999 (1) 94 Boulevard Maurice Barrès, 92200
Neuilly-sur-Seine, France (2) Laboratoire CNRS - Elf Atochem (UMR 167), 95,
rue Danton, B.P.108,  92303 Levallois-Perret cedex, France,
cgay@pobox.com
Hajkowicz, L. A. Nature, vol. 266, Mar. 10, 1977, p. 147, 148
Hanuise, C.  Broche, P.   Ogubazghi, G. Journal of Atmospheric and
Terrestrial Physics, vol. 44, Nov. 1982, p. 963-966. "HF Doppler
observations of gravity waves during the 16 February 1980 solar eclipse"
Haringx, J.  and H. Suchtelen, Phillips Technical Review, 19, 236, (1957/8)
Ichinose, T.  Ogawa, T. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 81, May 1,
1976, p. 2401-2404."Internal gravity waves deduced from the HF Doppler data
during the April 19, 1958, solar eclipse"
Jeverdan, G.T.,  Rusu, G.I. and Antonesco, "Experiments Using the Foucault
Pendulum During the Solar Eclipse of 15 February, 1981", Bib. Astronomer,
1:18 (1981)
Jones, B. W.   Bogart, R. S.Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics,
vol. 37, Sept. 1975, p. 1223-1226."Eclipse induced atmospheric gravity
waves"
Jones, James T. An Analysis of GPS Navigation Solutions for Shuttle Mission
STS-69, NASA Technical Reports AD-A318701
Jun, L.  L. Jianguo, Z. Xuerong, V. Liakhovets, M. Lomonosov and A. Ragyn,
Observation of 1990 solar eclipse by a torsion pendulum, Phys.Rev. D,
44(8), 2611-2613, 1991.
Karadzhaev, IU.  Gorbunova, T. A. Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiia, vol. 30,
Nov.-Dec. 1990, p. 1035-1037. In Russian."The structure of the sporadic E
layer during a solar eclipse"
Kolesnikova, E. M.; Kolesnikov, S. M, Effect of solar rotation on free
vibrations of a torsional pendulum, Problemy Teorii Gravitatsii i
Elementarnykh Chastits, no. 8, 1977, p. 201-214. In Russian., 1977
Kostko, O. Is a gravity screen possible? NASA Technical Reports
FTD-TT-63-155/1  AD-408499,  Transl. Into English From Zarya Vostoka
/Ussr/, 5 Jan. 1963 P 4
Kuusela, T. Effect of the solar eclipse on the period of a torsion
pendulum, Phys. Rev. D, 43(6), 2041-2043, 1991.
Kuusela, T. New measurements with a torsion pendulum during the solar
eclipse, General Relativity and Gravitation, 4, 543-550, 1992.
 Lanyi, Gabor E., Roth, Titus A comparison of mapped and measured total
ionospheric electron content using global positioning system and beacon
satellite observations, Radio Science, vol. 23, July-Aug. 1988, p. 483-492.
Longden, A.C. "On the Irregularities of Motion of the Foucault Pendulum",
Phys. Rev. 13, 142 (1919).
Longman, I.M. Formulas for Computing the Tidal Accelerations Due to the
Moon and Sun, J. Geophys. Res. 64:2351 (1959)
Meurers, B., 1999: Air pressure signatures in the SG data of Vienna. In:
Proceedings of the Working Group on "Analysis of Environmental Data for the
Interpreta-tion of Gravity Measurements", Jena, 1999. Bulletin
d'Informations MareÈs Terrestres, 131, 10195-10200.
Mishra, D. C., M. B. S. Vyaghreswara Rao, Temporal variation in gravity
field during solar eclipse on 24 October 1995, Current Science,72(11),
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The Book ''Izucheniye Zemnykh  Prilivov'' Moscow, 1964 P 3-114
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Schlichter, L.B., Caputo, M. and Hager, C. J. Geophys.
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Seykora, E. J. .  Bhatnagar, A.  Jain, R. M., Streete, J. L. Nature, vol.
313, Jan. 10, 1985, p. 124, 125. "Evidence of atmospheric gravity waves
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 Shirokov, M. F.; Bondarev, B. V A method for detecting gravitational waves
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Problemy Teorii Gravitatsii i
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___________________________

Multistation test mass observations during August 11, 1999 total solar eclipse

David Noever1, Ron Koczor1, Georg Zapletal2, Guenther Wuchterl3, Bruno
Meurers3, Giorgio Fontana4, Tobias Röwf5, Pam Graham6, Al Petrie7, Alan
Herring7, Timothy Reed8, Franco Palmieri9, Tim Niebauer10, John Hole11,
Michel Flohr12, Mark  Ander13, Eren San14, Antonio Iovane15,  Maurice
Allais16



1. NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, SD48, Huntsville, AL 35802, USA,
256-544-7783; 256-544-2102 (FAX);
david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov
2. Austrian National Meteorological Institute, Central Institute for
Meteorology and Geodynamics, Vienna, Austria
3. University of Vienna, Experimental Physics Department, Austria
4. Department of Physics, University of Trento, Italy
5. Department of Physics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
University-Observatory, Domstraße 10a,  D-17489 Greifswald , Germany
6. Department of Physics, University Louisville, Kentucky, USA
7. Edcon, Inc., Denver, CO, USA
8. Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp, PO Box 1062, Boulder, CO 80306, USA
9. University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
10.Micro-g Solutions, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA
11.Dept. of Geological Sciences, 4044 Derring Hall, Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0420, USA
12.
Scintrex/Ids Europe, St. Jean de Braye, France
13. LaCoste & Romberg LLC, 4807 Spicewood Springs Rd. Bldg. 2, Austin, TX
78759, USA
14. Metrology Institute, Tubitak, UME, P.K. 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
15. Via Brescia 13, Marigliano, VNINTN49D291540A, 80034, Italy
16. St. Cloud, France


*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail:
david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

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Subject: Re: R: Eclipse Network Update, September 14, 1999

 

Thanks. Will correct. David


>>To Eclipse Network Collaborators,
>>
>>There are two additions to this update. Comments and corrections are
>>welcome.
>>
>>First, a first draft reference list is included. Additions and corrections
>>...........................................
>>14. Metrology Institute, Tubitak, UME, P.K. 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli,
>Turkey
>>15. Via Brescia 13, Marigliano, VNINTN49D291540A, 80034, Italy
>>16. St. Cloud, France
>>
>
>
>Would you like to correct my address (#15) as follows:
>
>Via Brescia 13,  80034 Marigliano,  Italy
>
>( the string VNINTN............. is the VAT code)
>
>Regards,        Antonio.


*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail:
david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update; September 16

 

To Eclipse Network Collaborators,

Many of the items entered in the table below are very much local
approximations, and we have included some more specific web/online  places
to update the listed information.

The eclipse data is universal time, with altitude (in degrees) and azimuth
(in degrees).

If your site has been mislisted, please correct and email back as we would
like to get all the data entries correct from the outset.

Regards,

David

Table 1 summarizes the instrument types and locations.

Foucault pendulum (6)

Kremsmuenster Observatory, Austria;
48o18'N;014o18'E
Eclipse magnitude 1.028
Eclipse Obscuration 1.00
Partial Begin (9:20:35 UTC; 50o,137o)
Total Begins (10:42:41 UTC; 57o,169o)
Maximum (10:42:56 UTC; 57o,169o)
Total Ends (10:43:11 UTC; 57o; 169)
Partial End (12:05:39 UTC; 55o, 205o)

Vienna Technical Museum, Austria;
48o13' N; 016o20'E
Eclipse magnitude 0.99
Eclipse Obscuration 0.992
Partial Begin (9:23:47 UTC; 52o,141o)
Maximum (10:46:28 UTC; 57o,174o)
Partial End (12:08:55 UTC; 54o, 209o)

Louisville Department of Physics; US
38.22475 N, 85.74115 W
Eclipse magnitude 0.008
Eclipse Obscuration 0.001
Partial Begin (- UTC; 0o,0o)
Maximum (10:29 UTC; 0o,68o)
Partial End (10:30 UTC; 0o, 68o)

University of Trento, Italy;
46 1' 17.00 N; 11 7' 27.001 E    (local airport)  alt  190 m
Eclipse magnitude 0.82
Eclipse Obscuration 0.779
Partial Begin (9:20:49 UTC; 56o,130o)
Maximum (10:47:07 UTC; 64o,168o)
Partial End (12:13:24 UTC; 61o, 214o)

Boulder, CO, US
40.02688 N, 105.25102 W
Eclipse magnitude 0.0
Eclipse Obscuration 0.0
Partial Begin (- UTC; 0o,0o)
Maximum (- UTC; 0o,70o)
Partial End (- UTC; 0o, 70o)

Huntsville, US
34.654244 N; -86.663638 W; 116 m [] (above sea level)
Eclipse magnitude 0.0
Eclipse Obscuration 0.0
Partial Begin (- UTC; 0o,0o)
Maximum (- UTC; 0o,70o)
Partial End (- UTC; 0o, 70o)

Torsion pendulum (1)

Germany, Greifswald Astronomical Observatory
54º 05' 38" N; 013º 22' 34" E; 35 m [ 105 ft ] ( above sea level )
Eclipse magnitude 0.881
Eclipse Obscuration 0.856
Partial Begin (9:17:28 UTC; 44o,134o)
Maximum (10:34:44 UTC; 50o,161o)
Partial End (11:53:26 UTC; 51o, 191o)

Stationary (static) pendulum (2)

Margiliano, Italy
40°55'41" N; 14°27'55", E
Eclipse magnitude 0.884
Eclipse Obscuration 0.86
Partial Begin (9:14:58 UTC; 51o,127o)
Maximum (10:39:15 UTC; 60o,160o)
Partial End (12:04:55 UTC; 60o, 202o)

University of Trento, Italy
46 1' 17.00 N; 11 7' 27.001 E    (local airport)  alt  190 m
Eclipse magnitude 0.82
Eclipse Obscuration 0.779
Partial Begin (9:20:49 UTC; 56o,130o)
Maximum (10:47:07 UTC; 64o,168o)
Partial End (12:13:24 UTC; 61o, 214o)

Direct gravity instruments:

Superconducting gravity meters (1)

University of Vienna, Austria
48o13' N; 016o20'E
Eclipse magnitude 0.99
Eclipse Obscuration 0.992
Partial Begin (9:23:47 UTC; 52o,141o)
Maximum (10:46:28 UTC; 57o,174o)
Partial End (12:08:55 UTC; 54o, 209o)

Spring-mass gravity meters (10)

Huntsville, US
34.654244 N; -86.663638 W; 116 m [] (above sea level)
Eclipse magnitude 0.0
Eclipse Obscuration 0.0
Partial Begin (- UTC; 0o,0o)
Maximum (- UTC; 0o,70o)
Partial End (- UTC; 0o, 70o)

St. Jean de Braye, France;
47º 32' 00"N; 001º 33' 00" W [0 m]
Eclipse magnitude 0.944
Eclipse Obscuration 0.994
Partial Begin (08:58:32 UTC; 42o,119o)
Maximum (10:16:15 UTC; 52o,142o)
Partial End (11:38:49 UTC; 56o, 175o)

Denver, US (2)
39.76803 N, 104.87265 W
Eclipse magnitude 0.0
Eclipse Obscuration 0.0
Partial Begin (- UTC; 0o,0o)
Maximum (- UTC; 0o,70o)
Partial End (- UTC; 0o, 70o)

University of Trieste, Italy;
43o46'N; 011o15E
Eclipse magnitude 0.884
Eclipse Obscuration 0.860
Partial Begin (9:14:58 UTC; 51o,127o)
Maximum (10:39:15 UTC; 60o,160o)
Partial End (12:04:55 UTC; 60o, 202o)

Abu Dhabi, UAE (6)
21o30'N 39o12'E
Eclipse magnitude 0.587
Eclipse Obscuration 0.494
Partial Begin (10:46:51 UTC; 70o,255o)
Maximum (12:06:51 UTC; 52o,268o)
Partial End (13:16:56 UTC; 36o, 274o)

Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, US
37o33'N; 077o27'W (Richmond)
Eclipse magnitude 0.062
Eclipse Obscuration 0.019
Partial Begin (- UTC; 0o,0o)
Maximum (10:21:48 UTC; 0o,70o)
Partial End (10:25:11 UTC; 0o, 70o)

Austin, TX, US
30.30588 N, 97.75052 W
Eclipse magnitude 0.0
Eclipse Obscuration 0.0
Partial Begin (- UTC; 0o,0o)
Maximum (- UTC; 0o,70o)
Partial End (- UTC; 0o, 70o)


Electro-optic (1)

Institute of Metrology, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
41o01'N;028o58'E
Eclipse magnitude 0.955
Eclipse Obscuration 0.950
Partial Begin (9:49:16 UTC; 64o,169o)
Maximum (11:16:29 UTC; 60o,214o)
Partial End (12:38:12 UTC; 49o, 242o)

Falling mass absolute gravity meters (4)

Boulder, CO
40.02688 N, 105.25102 W
Eclipse magnitude 0.0
Eclipse Obscuration 0.0
Partial Begin (- UTC; 0o,0o)
Maximum (- UTC; 0o,70o)
Partial End (- UTC; 0o, 70o)

(Japan, Germany, Switzerland, US)

Magnetometers (2)

Southampton, England
50o55'N; 001o25'W
Eclipse magnitude 0.986
Eclipse Obscuration 0.988
Partial Begin (9:01:38 UTC; 38o,116o)
Maximum (10:17:51 UTC; 48o,137o)
Partial End (11:38:12 UTC; 54o, 167o)

Denver, US
39.76803 N, 104.87265 W
Eclipse magnitude 0.0
Eclipse Obscuration 0.0
Partial Begin (- UTC; 0o,0o)
Maximum (- UTC; 0o,70o)
Partial End (- UTC; 0o, 70o)

Barometers (2)

University of Vienna, Austria
48o13' N; 016o20'E
Eclipse magnitude 0.99
Eclipse Obscuration 0.992
Partial Begin (9:23:47 UTC; 52o,141o)
Maximum (10:46:28 UTC; 57o,174o)
Partial End (12:08:55 UTC; 54o, 209o)


Kremsmuenster Observatory
48o18'N;014o18'E
Eclipse magnitude 1.028
Eclipse Obscuration 1.00
Partial Begin (9:20:35 UTC; 50o,137o)
Total Begins (10:42:41 UTC; 57o,169o)
Maximum (10:42:56 UTC; 57o,169o)
Total Ends (10:43:11 UTC; 57o; 169)
Partial End (12:05:39 UTC; 55o, 205o)


Seismometers (1)

Kremsmuenster Observatory
48o03'30"N;014o08'01'E ; 380 m (above mean sea level)
Eclipse magnitude 1.028
Eclipse Obscuration 1.00
Partial Begin (9:20:35 UTC; 50o,137o)
Total Begins (10:42:41 UTC; 57o,169o)
Maximum (10:42:56 UTC; 57o,169o)
Total Ends (10:43:11 UTC; 57o; 169)
Partial End (12:05:39 UTC; 55o, 205o)

Note: many of the direct gravity meters serve as one-axis (vertical)
seismometers

The angles of the sun above the horizon are the following for
literature-referenced eclipses:

1954 (Paris)      638  partial
1956 (Paris)      08   partial
1959 (Paris)      388  partial
1954 (Scotland)
1965 (Italy)
1970 (Boston)     368  partial
1981 (Romania)
1990 (Finland)    0.58 total
1991 (Mexico)     808  total
1995 (India)      848  total

For additional information, see:

http://calsky.astroinfo.org/?obs=812152958009&cha=5&sec=6
http://www.aquarius.geomar.de/omc/make_map.html
http://pubweb.parc.xerox.com/map

*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail:
david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update, September 17

 


Brief Eclipse Network Update, September 17

The attached (eclipse2.gif) file is a very approximate map for the
geography of the eclipse network's scientific reporting stations.

Although not showing the full density of sites, it does indicate the major
spatial distributions in relation to the eclipse path. There are larger and
higher dpi resolution images but those will not be servable or easily
emailed.

I have also superimposed the Christmas 2000 path over N. America that would
be the next most promising candidate for any partial measurements.

Use if useful for your reference. It should open in any web browser.

David

 

§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Re: R: R: Stationary pendulum

 


>
>are you in the know of previous experiments showing completely quiet
>pendulums (except tilt, of course) ?


Kuusela's observations (7)
concerning the mean position of his torsion pendulum seem to indicate that
such a tilt might
be as important as 10-6rad. With the tilt interpretation in mind, it might
be worth
reconsidering data from previous measurements, and also carrying out new
measurements. In
principle, simpler devices should also allow for a similar observation of
the tilt. The simplest
is a pendulum at rest. Seismographs or spring-operated gravimeters could
also be used. It
should be noted, however, that Saxl and Allen (5) give one observation that
does not seem to
have been observed elsewhere, namely the slow oscillations of the pendulum
period prior to
the eclipse (see Introduction, point iii). They mention that they observed
these oscillations
many times using their torsion pendulum, but that static devices such as
gravimeters do not
allow for such an observation (11).

(7) T. Kuusela, New measurements with a torsion pendulum during the solar
eclipse, General
Relativity and Gravitation, 4, 543-550, 1992.


>
>in short, what your gravimeters say during non eclipse time ? May a relation
>be seen between what gravimeters say and "stationary" pendulum's motion?
>
Note, however, that Mishra et al., who recorded the gravity field
intensity during the
October 1995 eclipse (9), observed one significant oscillation just before
the eclipse, which is
very reminiscent of Saxl and Allen's oscillations. The amplitude of the
effect was about
$10mgal=10-7m/s2 and it lasted for somewhat more than half an hour.

We have a number of anomalies recorded on different gravity meters, along
with magnetometers. Some of these are synchronized across long distances,
thus lending some belief that they may not be just noise. There are lots of
distractions in these measurements because of their sensitivity to motion
that is not gravity related. They are one-axis seismometers, an effect that
is usually smoothed by averaging over 15 second time intervals.

The best approach which was very briefly developed in the Mishra paper was
the windowing or smoothing of data on various time scales to view the
different probable contributions. For example, random noise is unlikely to
persist beyond 1-3 s readings, which generally get smoothed over 15
readings. This is generally the procedure we are following.


*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail:
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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update: Sept 20

 

To Eclipse Network Collaborators,

This subsection on mechanical specificiations for each pendulum is
attached. Since we are trying to standardize the various comparisons, we
would appreciate it if you could quickly glance over the particular device
reported by your group. If you see errors, just cut that section and email
back any corrections.

If some parts such as (wire weight) for example are not easily known to
you, then perhaps just supply an estimate based on standard density and
volumes.

Thanks for your assistance.

We look forward to getting beyond these preliminaries once all the data is
standardized to comparable formats. [A similar mailing group is summarizing
the gravimeter comparisons, then all the data will be pooled and opened for
discussion and analysis to those who are interested.]

Any suggestions for different ways to summarize these devices is welcome.

Regards,

David



Table 2: Foucault pendulum (7) location and mechanical specifications


Kremsmuenster Observatory, Austria;
48o18'N;014o18'E
Rotational period=32.1 h
Degrees rotation/hr=11.2
Eclipse magnitude 1.028
Eclipse Obscuration 1.00
Partial Begin (9:20:35 UTC; 50o,137o)
Total Begins (10:41:43 UTC; 57o,169o)
Maximum (10:42:45 UTC; 57o,169o)
Total Ends (10:43:48 UTC; 57o; 169)
Partial End (12:05:41 UTC; 55o, 205o)

Mechanical Specifications
Bob: brass cylinder
Diameter (bob)  = 0.13 m
Length (bob)  = 0.22 m
Mass (bob)  = 25 kg
Note: On the downward facing plane a laser pointer can be inserted into an
axial bore together with two 1.5 V dry cells (size AAA) for power supply.
Diameter graduated dial: 0.77 m
Wire: hardened steel
Diameter (wire) = 0.001 m
Length (wire) = 53.0 m
Mass (wire)=0.327 kg (1.3% of bob weight); [
density  ( 7.85 x 10**(+3) kg/m)* V  (4.163 x 10**(-5) m]
Suspension: Eye bolt
Bob =30 m below ground level  (sealed airtight)
Maximum horizontal offset= 1 m
Length/amplitude ratio=53
Maximum angular displacement=1 deg
Minimum angular displacement= 0 deg 53'
Linear period=14.6+0.03 s (temperature dependent)
Plane of swing: SW/SE  164-231 deg; NW/NE 344-051 deg
Hour 3 midpoint: pendulum path exactly perpendicular to eclipse path
Damping (e-folding) time=6 h (approx.)
Observation period (video record):  UTC, August 21; 07:42-13:42 UTC, August 11


Germany, Greifswald Astronomical Observatory
54o 05' 40.5" N; 013o 22' 26.8" E; 33 m [ 108 ft ] ( above sea level )
Rotational period=29.6 h
Degrees rotation/hr=12.1
Eclipse magnitude 0.881
Eclipse Obscuration 0.856
Partial Begin (9:22 UTC; 45.8o,140.4o)
Maximum (10:39 UTC; 50.7o,167.5o)
Partial End (11:57 UTC; 50.3o, 197.2o)

Mechanical Specifications
Bob: lead; aerodynamic shape (tapered disk)
Diameter (bob)  = 0.10 m (est.)
Length (bob)  = 0.05 m (est.)
Mass (bob)  = 9.5 kg
Note: Thread for pendulum start; 5 cm tape stripe for alignment
Wire: hardened steel
Diameter (wire) = 0.001 m
Length (wire)= 15.0 m
Mass (wire)=0.1 kg
Maximum horizontal offset: 80 cm
Plane of swing: 360 degrees
Suspension: Eye bolt.
Minimum horizontal offset= 80 cm
Length/amplitude ratio=18.8
Maximum angular displacement=3 deg
Minimum angular displacement= 1 deg
Linear period=   =0.03 s
Plane of swing: (360 degrees)
Damping (e-folding) time: 2 h (approx.)
Observation period (video record): 13:09-19:12 UTC, August 04; 07:09-13:44
UTC, August 11

Vienna Technical Museum, Austria;
48o13' N; 016o20'E
Rotational period=32.2 h
Degrees rotation/hr=11.2
Eclipse magnitude 0.99
Eclipse Obscuration 0.992
Partial Begin (9:23:47 UTC; 52o,141o)
Maximum (10:46:28 UTC; 57o,174o)
Partial End (12:08:55 UTC; 54o, 209o)

Mechanical Specifications
Bob: steel cylinder
Diameter (bob)  = m (est.)
Length (bob)  = m (est.)
Mass (bob)  = 50 kg
Note: magnetic drive continuously; Charron ring (the ring is about 30cm
down from the top of the pendulum and has a radius of about 0.5 degree)
Wire: hardened steel
Diameter (wire) = 0.001 m (est.)
Length (wire)= 17 m
Mass (wire)=0.1 kg (est.)
Maximum horizontal offset: m
Suspension: Eye bolt
Bob = ground level  (air conditioning;  through traffic)
Minimum horizontal offset=  m
Length/amplitude ratio=
Maximum angular displacement= deg
Minimum angular displacement=  deg
Linear period= +0.03 s
Plane of swing: (360 degrees)
Damping (e-folding) time: 2 h (approx. if not magnetically driven)
Observation period (video record): 7:40-13:20 UTC, August 9-12; New moon:
September 9-10; 02:00 UTC

University of Trento, Italy;
46 1' 17.00 N; 11 7' 27.001 E    (local airport)  alt  190 m
Rotational period=33.4 h
Degrees rotation/hr=10.8
Eclipse magnitude 0.82
Eclipse Obscuration 0.779
Partial Begin (9:20:49 UTC; 56o,130o)
Maximum (10:47:07 UTC; 64o,168o)
Partial End (12:13:24 UTC; 61o, 214o)

Mechanical Specifications
Bob: steel cylinder
Diameter (bob)  =  m (est.)
Length (bob)  = m (est.)
Mass (bob)  =  kg
Note:  5 cm tape stripe for alignment; graduated dial for angular view; LED
light for tracking fixed to bob's top view
Wire: hardened steel
Diameter (wire) = 0.001 m (est.)
Length (wire)=  m
Mass (wire)=  kg
Maximum horizontal offset:  m
Suspension: Eye bolt; cable clamp
Bob = ground level
Minimum horizontal offset=  m
Length/amplitude ratio=
Maximum angular displacement= deg
Minimum angular displacement=  deg
Linear period= +0.03 s
Plane of swing: (360 degrees)
Observation period (video record): 7:40-13:20 UTC, August 11


Huntsville, US
34.654244 N; -86.663638 W; 116 m [] (above sea level)
Rotational period=42.2 h
Degrees rotation/hr=8.5
Eclipse magnitude 0.0
Eclipse Obscuration 0.0
Partial Begin (- UTC; 0o,0o)
Maximum (- UTC; 0o,70o)
Partial End (- UTC; 0o, 70o)

Mechanical Specifications
Bob: steel cylinder
Diameter (bob)  = 0.3 m (est.)
Length (bob)  = 0.35 m (est.)
Mass (bob)  = 24 kg
Note: polyethylene thread for pendulum start; 5 cm tape stripe for
alignment; graduated dial for angular view; LED light for tracking fixed to
bob's top view
Wire: hardened steel
Diameter (wire) = 0.0016 m
Length (wire)= 22.2 m
Mass (wire)=0.1 kg
Maximum horizontal offset: 6 m
Suspension: Eye bolt; cable clamp
Bob = ground level  (sealed room; air conditioning draft halted; no through
traffic)
Minimum horizontal offset= 4 m
Length/amplitude ratio=3.7-5.6
Maximum angular displacement=15.7 deg
Minimum angular displacement= 10.4 deg
Linear period=9.38+0.03 s
Plane of swing: NW/SE (315-135 degrees)
Observation period (video record): 7:40-13:20 UTC, August 11


Louisville Department of Physics; US
38.22475 N, 85.74115 W
Rotational period=38.8 h
Degrees rotation/hr=9.3
Eclipse magnitude 0.008
Eclipse Obscuration 0.001
Partial Begin (- UTC; 0o,0o)
Maximum (10:29 UTC; 0o,68o)
Partial End (10:30 UTC; 0o, 68o)

Mechanical Specifications
Bob: brass tapered cylinder; approximate frustrums of cones
Diameter (bob)  = 0.115 m (est.)
Length (bob)  = 0.12 m (est.)
Mass (bob)  = 59 kg (sp. gravity: 8.5)
Note: unbiased directionally cylindrical, iron magnetic drive; graduated
dial for angular view; red diode sensing device (360 sensors) with light
beam interruption and electrical current driving mechanism; 36 plastic pins
mark rotational period over approximately 39 hour rotational period; error
corrected for cumulative timing deviations
Wire: hardened steel; aircraft control cable
Diameter (wire) = 0.032 m (stress<550 kg)
Length (wire)= 22 m
Mass (wire)=0.1 kg
Maximum horizontal offset: m
Suspension: brass bushing and set screw
Bob = ground level  (sealed room; air conditioning draft halted; no through
traffic)
Minimum horizontal offset=  m
Length/amplitude ratio=
Maximum angular displacement= deg
Minimum angular displacement=  deg
Linear period=9.4+0.03 s
Plane of swing: (360 degrees)
Observation period (video record): 7:40-13:20 UTC, August 11

Boulder, CO, US
40.02688 N, 105.25102 W
Rotational period=38.8 h
Degrees rotation/hr=9.3 (observed  value 8 over 8 hour video)
Eclipse magnitude 0.0
Eclipse Obscuration 0.0
Partial Begin (- UTC; 0o,0o)
Maximum (- UTC; 0o,70o)
Partial End (- UTC; 0o, 70o)

Mechanical Specifications
Bob: steel cylinder
Diameter (bob)  =  m (est.)
Length (bob)  = m (est.)
Mass (bob)  =   kg
Note: dot mark on pendulum bob tip
Wire: hardened steel
Diameter (wire) = 0.001 m (est)
Length (wire)=  55 m (est.)
Mass (wire)=0.1 kg
Maximum horizontal offset: m
Suspension: Eye bolt; cable clamp
Bob = ground level
Minimum horizontal offset=  m
Length/amplitude ratio
Maximum angular displacement= deg
Minimum angular displacement=  deg
Linear period=+0.03 s
Plane of swing: (360 degrees)
Observation period (video record): 7:40-13:20 UTC, August 11

St. Germain-Laye, France;  Allais 1954 Observations [63o partial eclipse];
June 30, 1954; Bougival mine shaft; October 22, 1959 [38o partial eclipse]
47o 32' 00"N; 001o 33' 00" W [0 m]
Rotational period=32.5 h
Degrees rotation/hr=11.1
Eclipse magnitude 0.944
Eclipse Obscuration 0.994
Partial Begin (08:58:32 UTC; 42o,119o)
Maximum (10:16:15 UTC; 52o,142o)
Partial End (11:38:49 UTC; 56o, 175o)


Mechanical Specifications
Bob: Bronze vertical disk (7.5 kg)
Ball:  0.065 m high precision bearing, tungsten carbide steel and cobalt
(changed/randomized every 20 minutes)
Mass (pendulum's total)  = 12 kg
Note: thread for pendulum start every 20 minutes and 14 minutes of recorded
oscillations; needle  for alignment; graduated dial for angular view
Rod: Bronze
Diameter (rod) = 0.01 m (est.)
Length (rod)= 0.83 m
Mass (rod)=0.5  kg (est.)
Maximum horizontal offset: m
Suspension: paraconical
Bob = 1.5 m below ground level  (no through traffic)
Minimum horizontal offset=  m
Length/amplitude=
Maximum angular displacement= deg
Minimum angular displacement=  deg
Linear period=8-10 s
Plane of swing: NW/SE (189 degrees)
Observation period (record): The tangent  to the mean correspond to the
2,160 time series of 14-minute elementary observations making up the
monthly series for June-July 1954, and accurately reflect the Foucault
effect. Azimuths of the pendulum were observed from June 28, 1954; 8 p.m.
to July 1, 1954;  4 a.m. A spike was observed at the onset of the eclipse,
with the plane of oscillation shifted approximately 15 centisimal degrees
[(185-170) maximum displacement from Foucault angular  trend line], or 13.5
degrees [0.24 radians]. Prior to the eclipse onset, the deviation in the
trend line never exceeded 1.1 degrees, yielding a sigma value of 12.5 in
the signal to noise ratio. Simultaneous with the onset of the eclipse, the
plane of oscillation shifted 4.5 degrees above the trend line support  for
the Foucault  effect generally, when that trend was centered over a 12 hour
time series in azimuths and the eclipse maximum. This excursion in the
angular plane persisted throughout 2.5 hours of observations. The order of
magnitude is that of the Foucault effect, which , in the case of the
pendulum used, is itself some 3 micro-G (10^-6 dg/g).



Paris, France; Foucault 1851 device
47o 32' 00"N; 001o 33' 00" W [0 m]
Rotational period=32.5 h
Degrees rotation/hr=11.1
Eclipse magnitude 0.944
Eclipse Obscuration 0.994
Partial Begin (08:58:32 UTC; 42o,119o)
Maximum (10:16:15 UTC; 52o,142o)
Partial End (11:38:49 UTC; 56o, 175o)


Mechanical Specifications
Bob: iron ball
Diameter (bob)  = 0.3 m (est.)
Length (bob)  = 0.3 m (est.)
Mass (bob)  =  90 kg (approx.)
Note: burning cord for pendulum start; circular ring with dragging pin
against a ridge of sand
Wire: overstressed steel
Diameter (wire) = 0.001 m
Length (wire)= 61 m
Mass (wire)=0.3 kg
Maximum horizontal offset:  m
Suspension: Eye bolt; cable clamp
Bob = ground level
Minimum horizontal offset=
Maximum angular displacement= deg
Minimum angular displacement=  deg
Linear period= s
Plane of swing: 360 degrees

*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail:
david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update: September 23

 

To Eclipse Network Collabors,

I have attached the very rough translation from French to English of
Professor Allais' most recent suggestions for interpreting his large book,
"The Anisotropy of Space".

As we proceed, I will update the calculations involved, as well as
experimental data that were collected historically and more recent
versions. In particular the very good suggestion has been made to address
the historical tidal data which is archived in comparison with various
astronomical events.

Regards,
David

(Any translation errors are mine, as I am limited in applying some quick
estimates of the context (see:
http://babelfish.altavista.com/cgi-bin/translate?)
with references to the larger book. I have attached the original French
which arrived by fax yesterday).

The original graphs and figures are available online at:
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/7919/Allais.htm

____________________________________

September 19, 1999

Maurice Allais

Observations On the Effect of an Eclipse Highlighted In 1954 and 1959
During My Experiments On the Dissymetric Paraconical Pendulum with An
Anisotropic Support and an Isotropic Support

A.  Eclipse Effect

1. The effect of an eclipse is spectacular as it directly involves the
occultation of the Sun by the moon, whereas however the eclipses observed
in Paris in 1954 and 1959 were only partial.

2. The interpretation which can be done for it is the following one: there
exists a very sharp anisotropy of space and a direction of the anisotropy.

The plane of oscillation of the pendulum tends to approach constantly this
direction of anisotropy  and at the time of a solar eclipse, the direction
of the anisotropy is the common direction of the sun and the moon.

3. The observed effect is seen only on dynamic. It is not dependent on the
intensity of gravity (or inertia) in space swept by the pendulum.

(In 1959 two series of observations have been done simultaneously, one with
the anisotropic support, the other with the isotropic support.)

B General phenomenon

1. The effect of an eclipse is only one particular case of a phenomenon
much more general, the existence involves any movement in a direction of
anisotropic space, variable with the time, whose plane of oscillation of
the pendulum tends to approach. The existence of this limiting plane was
highlighted three times over by experiments.

2. The variations in the course of the time of this plane of anisotropy are
lined up to the movement of the stars.

3. In particular the action conjugate to the moon and the sun on the
direction of the anisotropy introduces the periodic variations. I have
particularly studied the lunasolar component  of 24 h.50m. on the movement
of the pendulum.

4. I have done a series of observations in two different cases: 1) an
anisotropic support; 2) an isotropic support.

5. In one and the other case one notes that the amplitude of the effects
observed is considerably more  elevated than that calculated according to
the theories of  gravitation, completed or not by the theories of
relativity. In the case of the paraconical pendulum with anisotropic
support, the effects noted are twenty million times larger than the
calculated effects. In the case of the paraconical pendulum with an
isotropic support this reported ratio is one hundred million.

6. In fact, these experiments are much more significant than those
relativity has with the effect of an eclipse. They  allow determination
indeed for the direction of anisotropy of space and its periodic structure.

C. Suggestions

1. I suggest that NASA repeat my experiments on the dissymetric paraconical
clock (pendulum constituted by a disc suspended by a ball) with an
anisotropic support and with an isotropic support.

2. The easiest experiments  to realize are the experiments with a support
anisotropy. The one device  and the process of the experiments are very
simple. The anisotropy suitable for the support is that which I have
considered.

3. What is essential is to carry out the observations with a team of 8 to
10 operators in a continuous way by releasing the pendulum every 20
minutes. Every  device should have automatic maintenance of the
oscillations to eliminate deviations because it is likely to generate
anomalous effects otherwise.

 4. Once my results are experimentally confirmed (it is an absolute
certainty) it will be possible to operate with an  isotropic support and
determine the directions of anisotropic space.

5. In these types of experiments one needs to proceed slowly.

6. On the whole, the repetition of these experiments offers NASA an
exceptional interest.

____________


September 19, 1999

Maurice Allais

Observations Sur L'Effet D'Eclipse Mis En Evidence En 1954 et 1959 Lors De
Mes Experiences Sur Le Pendule Paraconique Dissymetrique A support
Anisotrope Et a Support Isotrope

A. Effet D'Eclipse

1. L'effet d'eclipse a ete spectaulaire comme lie directement a
l'occultation du Soleil par la lune alors que cependant les eclipses
observees a Paris en 1954 et 1959 n'etaient que partielles.

2. L'interpretation qui peut en etre donnee est la suivante: il existe a
tout instant une anisotropie de l'espace et une direction de l'anisotropie.

Le plan d'oscillation du pendule tend a se rapprocher constamment de cette
direction d'anisotropie et lors d'une eclipse de soleil la direction de
l'anisotropie est la direction commune du soleil et de la lune.

3. L'effet observe ne s'observe que sur un objet en mouvement . Il n'est
pas lie a l'intensite de la pesanteur (ou de l'inertie) dans l'espace
balaye par le pendule.

(En 1959 deux series d'observations ont ete effectuees simultanement, l'une
avec le support anisotrope, l'autre avec le support isotrope.)


B. Phenomene general

1. L'effet d'eclipse n'est qu'un cas particulier d'un phenomene beaucoup
plus general, l'existence a tout moment d'une direction d'anisotrope de
l'espace, variable avec la temps, dont le plan d'oscillation du pendule
tend a se rapproacher.
L'exitence de ce plan limite peut etre mis en evidence par des experiences
triplement enchatnees.

2. Les variations au cours du temps de ce plan d'anisotropie sont liees au
mouvement des astres.

3. En particulier l'action conjuguee de la lune et du soleil sur la
direction de l'anisotropie entraine des variations periodiques.
J'ai tout particulierement etudie la composante lunisolaire de 24 h.50m.
sur le mouvement du pendule.

4. J'ai effetue des series d'observations dans deux cas differents:
un support anisotropie
un support isotrope

5.
I have effetue series of observations in two different cases: a support
anisotropy a support isotropic

6.
Dans l'une et l'autre cas on constate que l'amplitude des effets
observes est considerablement plus elevee que celle calculee d'apres la
theorie de la gravitation completee ou non par la theorie de la relativite.
Dans le cas du pendule paraconique a support anisotrope les effets
constates sont vignt millions de fois plus grands que les effets caclues.
Dans le cas du pendule paraconique a support isotrope ce rapport est de
cent millions.

7. En fait, ces experiences sont blen plus significatives que celles
relatives a l'effet d'eclipse.
Elles permettent en effet de determiner la direction d'anisotropie de
l'espace et de structure periodique.

C. Suggestions

1. Je suggere que la NASA repete mes experiences sur le pendule paraconique
dissymetrique (pendule constitue par un disque suspendu par une bille) a
support anisotrope et a support isotrope.

2. Les experiences les plus faciles a realiser sont les experiences avec un
support anisotropie.
Le dispoitif et le processus des experiences sont tres simples.
L'anisotropie souhaltable du support est celle que j'ai consideree.

3. Ce qui est essentiel c'est de realiser les observations avec une equipe
de 8 a 10 operateurs de maniere continue en relancant le pedule toutes les
20 minutes.
Tout dispoitif d'entretien automatique des oscillations est a eliminer car
il est de nature a engendrer des effets pervers.

4. Une fois mes resultats experimentaux confirmes (c'est une certitude
absolue) il sera possible d'operer avec un support isotrope et de
determiner les directions d'anisotrope de l'espace.

5. Dans ce type d'experiences il fuat se hater lentement.

6. Au total, la repetition de  ces experiences offre a la NASA un interet
exceptionnel.


*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail:
david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update: Sept 27

 

To Eclipse Network Collaborators,

Because the following reference may be difficult for some to get from their
local technical library, I have attached the text from the Rumanian eclipse
in the 1980s.

We are not necessarily agreeing (or disagreeing) with this reference,
particularly since it seems to so closely connect the observations (which
may be as measured) to a theory which is not presented about gravity. We
include it only suggesting that it may be worth examining or interesting to
read.

For your information,

Regards,

David


Summary of Jeverden, et al., 1981:

1) Reported 0.009 s variation in period of Foucault pendulum; this would
seem to  meet their criteria of a statistically significant variation, if
one accepts their reported noise levels around +/-0.0004 s for period
determination, e.g. signal to noise of 22 or higher.
2) Calculated 1 milli gal equivalent variation in g (0.973 cm/s^2);
derived from period change in #1; this would be attributed to the timing
measurement
3) Reported 15 degree change in plane of oscillation owing to an
elliptical movement with eccentricity 0.18; independent observation from
#1-2

"Experiments using the Foucault Pendulum during the Solar Eclipse of 15
February, 1981"

G.T. Jeverdan, G.I. Rusu, and V. Antonesco,
Jassy University, Rumania

A number of observations have been made of the behavior of a Foucault
pendulum during the eclipse of the sun of 15 February 1981 (Ed. note:
owing to calendar differences between astronomical tables, this is
listed as February 16, 1980 in astronomical charts below for the
purposes of consistent year differences, including 0 A.D.).

An experiment was performed to measure the variations in gravitational
acceleration. The pendulum features were as follows: length, 25.008 m;
sphere's weight, 5.5 kg with a diameter of 10 cm. To avoid torsion of
the ends of the wire, a connection was made by means of two torsionless
silk rings. The pendulum was oscillated through an angle of 4 degrees.
To reduce the error during the period of oscillation, the average was
taken of three chronometers functioning simultaneously for 50 complete
oscillations. By this method the average period was able to be
determined within a margin of error of +0.0004 seconds.

The eclipse at Jassy (geographic coordinates: 44o11' N; 1o55'14" E)
commenced at 08:49:03.25 and terminated at 11:16:50.35. The maximum
effect, whose magnitude was 0.973 cm/s2, took place at 10:00:27.31
(official time in R.P.R.). During the eclpse, the following average
values were obtained for the period T and the acceleration of gravity,
g. It can be seen that g reached its maximum at 10:00.

The pendulum oscillated in the same plane until 10:08. At that moment, a
surprising fact occured: the pendulum produced a perturbation by
describing an ellipse whose major axis deviated in relation to the
initial plane by approximately 15o. The eccentricity of the ellipse was
0.18. At the end of the eclipse, the pendulum continued to maintain the
elliptical oscillations, but the major axis approached increasingly to
its initial plane.


Table

Time Observed Gravity Calculated
Period, T (s) +0.0004s g (cm/s2) g+/- (cm/s2)
8:49 10.028 980.78 0
9:13 10.028 980.78 0
9:43 10.024 981.56 -0.78
10:00 10.019 982.54 -1.76
10:12 10.02 982.34 -1.56
10:24 10.024 981.56 -0.78
10:58 10.028 980.78 0
11:10 10.028 980.78 0


A similar result concerning a shift in the oscillation plane was
obtained on 30 June 1954, by Professor Maurice Allais at St.
Germain-Laye. We have however only indirect information regarding these
experiments (Ed. Note: Evidently unbeknownst to the authors of the
paper, the work was published, M. Allais, 1957. Report of the Academie
des Sciences of 4 December; Jeverden, et al. data originally published
in Bib. Astronomer, 1 (55), 18-20 (1981).).

Conclusions

A possible explanation of the observed variation in g could be the
following:

During the eclipse, the moon exerted a screening effect on the
attraction (gravitation) of the sun so that the attraction (gravitation)
of the earth was indirectly increased. The phenomenon might also be
studied by means of data regarding the tides,  but such data is not
available to us. The deviation from the pendulum's oscillation plane can
be explained by the same hypothesis.

If the hypothesis of the screening effect cannot be verified, the
variation in g  might be considered as a result of diffraction of
gravity waves. This latter hypothesis is only possible if the dimensions
of the moon are comparable to the wavelengths of the gravitational
waves--in which case the mass of the gravitons would be approximately
10^-46 g (calculated by means of a Compton's wavelength). These
experiments should be repeated during other total eclipses of the sun.

(Ed. note:

Date U.T. Greatest Saros Gamma Eclipse Lat degree
Long degree Sun Path width Center
Eclipse Type # Magnitude
altitude km duration


1954 Jun 30 12:32 T 126 0.613 1.036 60.5N 4.2E
52 153 02m35s
1959 Oct 02 12:26 T 143 0.421 1.033 20.4N 1.4W
65 120 03m02s
1961 Feb 15 8:19 T 120 0.883 1.036 47.4N 40.0E
28 258 02m45s
1970 Mar 07 17:38 T 139 0.447 1.041 18.2N 94.7W
63 153 03m28s
1980 Feb 16 8:53 T 130 0.222 1.043 0.1S 47.1E
77 149 04m08s
1990 Jul 22 3:02 T 126 0.76 1.039 65.2N 168.8E
40 201 02m33s
1991 Jul 11 19:06 Tm 136 -0.004 1.08 22.0N 105.2W
90 258 06m53s
1995 Oct 24 4:32 T 143 0.352 1.021 8.4N 113.2E
69 78 02m10s
1999 Aug 11 11:03 T 145 0.506 1.029 45.1N 24.3E
59 112 02m23s



Local circumstances at greatest eclipse are presented in the following
table. 2Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the
Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center.  The date and
Universal Time of the instant of greatest eclipse are found in the first
two columns. The eclipse type is given (P=Partial, A=Annular, T=Total or
H=Hybrid) along with the Saros series. Gamma is the distance of the
shadow axis from Earth's center at greatest eclipse (in Earth radii).
The eclipse magnitude is defined as the fraction of the Sun's diameter
obscured at greatest eclipse. The geographic latitude and longitude of
the umbra are given for greatest eclipse, along with the Sun's altitude,
the width of the path (kilometers) and the duration of totality or
annularity (minutes and seconds). For both partial and non-central
umbral eclipses, the latitude and longitude correspond to the point
closest to the shadow axis at greatest eclipse. The Sun's altitude is
always 0? at this location. Years in this catalog are counted
astronomically. Thus, the catalog year 0 corresponds to 1 BC, and
catalog year -100 corresponds to 101 BC, etc.. Historians do not include
a year 0 in dating so the year 1 BC is followed by the year 1 AD. This
is awkward for arithmetic calculations and thus, the adoption of
astronomical dating and the year 0 in these catalogs.

(Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC;  see
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEcat/SE1901-2000.html)

*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail:
david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update, September 28

 

To Eclipse Network Collaborators,

Since this reference may be hard for others to find, I have attached the
translation of the abstract.

From 1982-1990, the following reference covers 3 partial solar eclipses, 3
total lunar eclipses and one set of control data with a torsion pendulum
(Saxl, et al., 1970).

We hope this is of interest; the Mexico City eclipse would seem to indicate
that there are some questions about earth oscillation modes (very long
wavelength associated with a tilt in these torsion pendulums from the
vertical in some experimental way).

It is an aside to the Foucault and gravimeter results on 11 August, which
we are still summarizing.

Regards,

David

________________________________

T.R. Guan, and E.K. Hu "Inspecting the Period Changes of the Torsion
Pendulum during the Solar and Lunar Eclipses," Acta Astronomica Sinica,
32(1), March 1991, 3-9 (Gravitational Physics Lab, Zhongshan Univ,
Guangzhcu)

Key words: Torsion pendulum; solar and lunar eclipses; gravitational phenomenon

To verify the abnormal changes of the period of torsion pendulum during
solar and lunar eclipse reported by Dr. E. Saxl et al in 1964 and 1971, six
high precision tests have been carried out during the solar and lunar
eclipses of 1982 to 1990. No abnormal phenomenon has been found.

To improve the measurement precision, several antidisturbance methods and
the method of non-linear property correction of the hanging wire have been
used. The measurement precision, 9.6x10^-8 and the maximum relative
fluctuation of the period change value, 9.6x10^-8, have been reached
respectively.

Figure captions

Figure 3. Period change curve of the torsion pendulum during solar and
lunar eclipses
a) total lunar eclipse, Jan. 10, 1982; b) total lunar eclipse, Dec. 30,
1982; c) total lunar eclipse, February 20, 1989; d) partial solar eclipse,
Sept. 23, 1987; e) partial solar eclipse, March 18, 1988; f) partial solar
eclipse, July 22, 1990

Figure 4. Period change curve of the torsion pendulum during no eclipse
(data collected from 23:00, February 12 to 04:10 on February 13).
_____________________________________

Français:


                T.R. Guan, et E.K. Hu " examinant la période Changesof le
pendule de torsion pendant les éclipses
                solaires et lunaires, " acta Astronomica Sinica, 32(1),
mars 1991, 3-9 (laboratoire de la gravité de
                physique, Zhongshan Univ, Guangzhcu) mots clés: Pendule de
torsion; éclipses solaires et lunaires;
                phénomène de la gravité

                Vérifier les changements anormaux de la période du pendule
de torsion pendant l'éclipse solaire et
                lunaire a enregistré par Dr. E. Saxl et autres en 1964 et
1971, six essais élevés de précision ont été
                effectués pendant les éclipses solaires et lunaires de 1982
à 1990. Aucun phénomène anormal n'a été
                trouvé.

                Pour améliorer la précision de mesure, plusieurs méthodes
d'antidisturbance et la méthode de
                correction non linéaire de propriété du fil s'arrêtant ont
été employées. La précision de mesure,
                9.6x10^-8 et la fluctuation relative maximum de la période
changent la valeur, 9.6x10^-8, ont été atteints
                respectivement.

                Légendes

                Le schéma 3. Courbe de changement de période du pendule de
torsion pendant l'éclipse lunaire de
                total solaire et lunaire des éclipses a) se montent à
l'éclipse lunaire, janv. 10, 1982; b) se montent à l'éclipse lunaire, déc.
30, 1982; c) se
              montent à l'éclipse lunaire, février 20, 1989; d) éclipse
solaire partielle, septembre 23, 1987; e) éclipse
              solaire partielle, mars 18, 1988; f) éclipse solaire
partielle, juillet 22, 1990

              Le schéma 4. Courbe de changement de période du pendule de
torsion pendant aucune éclipse
              (données rassemblées 23:00, février de 12 à 04:10 février 13).
_______________________________________

 Deutsch:


              T.R. Guan und E.K. Hu ", welches die Periode Changesof das
Torsion Pendel während der Solar- und
              Mondeklipsen, " Acta Astronomica Sinica, 32(1), März 1991
kontrolliert, 3-9 (Gravitationsphysiklabor,
              Zhongshan Univ, Guangzhcu) Schlüsselwörter: Torsion Pendel;
Solar- und Mondeklipsen;
              Gravitationsphänomen

              die anormalen Änderungen der Periode des Torsion Pendels
während der Solar- und Mondeklipse zu
              überprüfen berichtete durch Dr. E. Saxl et al. 1964 und 1971,
sind sechs hohe Präzision Tests während
              der Solar- und Mondeklipsen von 1982 bis 1990 durchgeführt
worden. Kein anormales Phänomen ist
              gefunden worden.

              um die Messen-Präzision zu verbessern, sind einige
antidisturbancemethoden und die Methode der
              nicht linearen Eigenschaft Korrektur der hängenden Leitung
verwendet worden. Die Messen-Präzision,
              9.6x10^-8 und die maximale relative Fluktuation der Periode
ändern Wert, 9.6x10^-8, sind erreicht
              worden beziehungsweise.

              Diagrammbeschriftungen

              Abbildung 3. Periode Änderung Kurve des Torsion Pendels
während der mondeklipse Solar- und
              Mondder eklipsen A) zählen Mondeklipse, Jan. 10, 1982
zusammen; B) zählen Mondeklipse, Dez. 30, 1982 zusammen; c)
              zählen Mondeklipse, Februar 20, 1989 zusammen; d) teilweise
Solareklipse, Sept. 23, 1987; e)
              teilweise Solareklipse, März 18, 1988; f-) teilweise
Solareklipse, Juli 22, 1990

              Abbildung 4. Periode Änderung Kurve des Torsion Pendels
während keiner Eklipse (Daten gesammelt
              von 23:00, einem Februar 12 bis 04:10 an Februar 13).
___________________________
Italian,

T.R. Guan ed E.K. Hu " che controlla il periodo Changesof il pendolo di
torsione durante le eclipse solari
              e lunari, " acta Astronomica Sinica, 32(1), marzo del 1991,
3-9 (laboratorio gravitazionale di fisica,
              Zhongshan Univ, Guangzhcu) parole chiave: Pendolo di
torsione; eclipse solari e lunari; fenomeno
              gravitazionale

              Verificare i cambiamenti anormali del periodo del pendolo di
torsione durante l' eclipse solare e lunare
              ha segnalato dal Dott. E. Saxl ed altri in 1964 e 1971, sei
alte prove di precisione sono state effettuate
              durante le eclipse solari e lunari di 1982 - 1990. Nessun
fenomeno anormale è stato trovato.

              Per migliorare la precisione di misura, parecchi metodi di
antidisturbance ed il metodo della correzione
              non lineare della proprietà del legare appendente sono stati
usati. La precisione di misura, 9.6x10^-8 e
              la fluttuazione relativa massima del periodo cambiano il
valore, 9.6x10^-8, sono stati raggiunti
              rispettivamente.

              Didascalie

              Figura 3. Curva del cambiamento di periodo del pendolo di
torsione durante l' eclipse lunare di totale
              solare e lunare di eclipse a) a) ammonta all' eclipse lunare,
10 gennaio 1982; b) ammonta all' eclipse lunare, 30 dicembre 1982; c)
              ammonta all' eclipse lunare, 20 febbraio 1989; d) eclipse
solare parziale, 23 settembre 1987; e) eclipse
              solare parziale, 18 marzo 1988; eclipse solare parziale di
f), 22 luglio 1990

              Figura 4. Curva del cambiamento di periodo del pendolo di
torsione durante la nessun' eclipse (dati
              raccolti da 23:00, da febbraio 12 - 04:10 il 13 febbraio).
______________________________


Español:


              T.R. Guan, y E.K. Hu " que examina el período Changesof el
péndulo de la torsión durante los eclipses
              solares y lunares, " acta Astronomica Sinica, 32(1), marcha
de 1991, 3-9 (laboratorio gravitacional de la
              física, Zhongshan Univ, Guangzhcu) palabras claves: Péndulo
de la torsión; eclipses solares y lunares;
              fenómeno gravitacional

              Verificar los cambios anormales del período del péndulo de la
torsión durante eclipse solar y lunar
              señaló por el Dr. E. Saxl et el al en 1964 y 1971, seis altas
pruebas de la precisión se ha realizado
              durante los eclipses solares y lunares de 1982 a 1990. No se
ha encontrado ningún fenómeno anormal.

              Para mejorar la precisión de la medida, varios métodos del
antidisturbance y el método de corrección
>              no linear de la característica del alambre que colgaba se han
utilizado. La precisión de la medida,
              9.6x10^-8 y la fluctuación relativa máxima del período
cambian el valor, 9.6x10^-8, se han alcanzado
              respectivamente.

              Figura encabezamientos

              Cuadro 3. Curva del cambio del período del péndulo de la
torsión durante eclipse lunar del total solar y
              lunar de los eclipses a) Español:


                a) suma el eclipse lunar, de enero el 10 de 1982; b) suma
el eclipse lunar, de diciembre el 30 de 1982;
                c) suma el eclipse lunar, de febrero el 20 de 1989; d)
eclipse solar parcial, de sept. el 23 de 1987; e)
                eclipse solar parcial, de marcha la 18 de 1988; f) eclipse
solar parcial, de julio el 22 de 1990

                Cuadro 4. Curva del cambio del período del péndulo de la
torsión durante ningún eclipse (datos
                recogidos del 23:00, de febrero 12 a 04:10 de febrero el 13).

*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update: September 29

 

To Eclipse Network Collaborators,

Please find the abstract and technical specifications from the following
article in the journal, Measurement Techniques.

For your reference information,

Regards,

David


L.A Savrov, Experiment with Paraconic Pendulums during the November 3, 1994
Solar Eclipse in Brazil, Measurement Techiques, v. 40, No. 6, 1997, 511-516

The present article is the concluding article in a series discussing the
results of the author's experiments with paraconic pendulums during solar
eclipses from 1990 to 1994. During an eclipse, it is found that the rate of
rotation of the pendulum's plane of oscillation increases in the same
direction as the Foucault effect by a magnitude equal to that of the
Foucault effect...[This] establishes only the qualitative variation in the
rate of rotation of the oscillation plane, since all the figures presented
are within the limit of instrument error and of computation error. There
are no anomalous discontinuities in azimuth..Thus an increase in the rate
of rotation of the pendulum's oscillation plane in the direction of the
Foucault effect was observed in the Brazilia-94 experiment, just as had
been observed in the Mexico-91 experiment, though its magnitude was only
one-fifth of the latter experiment.

Note: This pendulum is 0.3 m, reverses its plane of oscillation
periodically and has a 54.4 h rotational period, owing to the latitude of
the eclipse. Its release is every 3 hours approximately.

Shternberg State Astronomical Institute, Division of Gravity Measurements,
Brazil international eclipse expedition, November 3, 1994
26.20 S; 52.68 W;  m [] (ft above sea level)
Rotational period=54.4 h
Degrees rotation/hr=6.62
Eclipse magnitude 0.0
Eclipse Obscuration 0.0
Partial Begin (- UTC; o,56o)
Maximum (- UTC; 0o,56o)
Partial End (- UTC; 0o, 56o)

Mechanical Specifications
Bob: agate cones with hemispheres at their ends
Diameter (bob)  = 0.003 m (0.004 m in second pendulum)
Length (bob)  = 0.003 m (0.004 m in second pendulum)
Note:thermostatically controlled chambers
Length (pendulum)= 0.31 m
Mass (pendulum)  = 1.32 kg
Suspension: agate cones with hemispheres at their ends where used as the
suspensions of two identical paraconic pendulums
Bob = ground level  (interior room; concrete floor)
Minimum horizontal offset= 0.03 m (est)
Length/amplitude ratio=10 (est.)
Maximum angular displacement=5.7 deg
Minimum angular displacement= 5.7 deg
Linear period=  +0.03 s
Plane of swing: both pendulums initiated in N-S meridian plane 6 minutes
prior to beginning partial eclipse (0-180 degrees)
Observation period (automatic data record for path of pendulum):
09:30-12:11 local time, 3 November 1994; every 2 h 45 min for 5 days of
continuous observation, the pendulums were halted and, 15 minutes later,
restarted in the same meridian, thus completing a single running cycle. The
length of each series was selected so as to encompass the duration of the
eclipse, which at the observation site amounted to 2 h 35 minutes. The
obtained data was in the form of x,y coordinates of the elliptical
trajectories of the motion of the two pendulums. The azimuths of the major
semiaxes of the pendulum's oscillation ellipses were computed using the
standard method of least squares. The pendulum's oscillation plane reversed
its direction of rotation periodically a total of 49 times over the entire
5-day continuous trial (from October 26 to November 5)



*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail:
david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update: October 1

 

Eclipse Network Collaborators,


This is a very interesting article on Pioneer 10 and some of the
gravitational anomalies reported in a recent update in collaboration with
Queen Mary's College, London. September 28.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_460000/460095.stm


See also, October 4 forthcoming Newsweek issue for summary

http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/space_projects/pioneer/Pnstat.html
ANOMALOUS GRAVITATIONAL FORCE? A discussion of this phenomenon appears in
the 4 October 1999 issue of Newsweek magazine (See
also the December 1998 issue of Scientific American.) The mystery of the
tiny unexplained acceleration towards the sun in the motion of the Pioneer
10, Pioneer 11 and Ulysses spacecraft remains unexplained. A team of
planetary scientists and physicists led by John Anderson (Pioneer 10
Principal
Investigator for Celestial Mechanics) has identified a tiny unexplained
acceleration towards the sun in the motion of the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11,
and
Ulysses spacecraft. The anomalous acceleration - about 10 billion times
smaller than the acceleration we feel from Earth's gravitational pull - was
identified after detailed analyses of radio data from the spacecraft. A
variety of possible causes were considered including: perturbations from the
gravitational attraction of planets and smaller bodies in the solar system;
radiation pressure, the tiny transfer of momentum when photons impact the
spacecraft; general relativity; interactions between the solar wind and the
spacecraft; possible corruption to the radio Doppler data; wobbles and other
changes in Earth's rotation; outgassing or thermal radiation from the
spacecraft; and the possible influence of non-ordinary or dark matter. After
exhausting the list of explanations deemed most plausible, the researchers
examined possible modification to the force of gravity as explained by
Newton's law with the sun being the dominant gravitational force. "Clearly,
more analysis, observation, and theoretical work are called for," the
researchers concluded. The scientists expect the explanation when found
will involve conventional physics.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_168000/168410.stm

*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail: david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update: October 4

 

To Eclipse Network Collaborators,

A very brief translation online shown below.

Apologies for any errors, but it is all done automatically by machine.

Regards,
David
__________________

Mysteries of pendulum attempts
Researchers ask: Does the gravitation change during the solar eclipse
unforeseeably?
By Arno Noeldechen

http://www.welt.de/daten/1999/08/09/0809ws124703.htx

Huntsville - Solar eclipses lead repeatedly to speculations about
mysterious influences on humans and earth. Actually the French physicist
and Nobel Laureate Maurice Allais drew attention to measurable anomalies of
the earth gravitation in the fifties. It registered only during sun
eclipses as a Foucault pendulum's unexplainable deviations in its
oscillating motions. These changes cannot be explained with magnetic,
seismic or gravimetric modifications.

During a solar eclipse, a Foucault pendulum demonstrated up  to a 13.5
degrees increase  of the angles of rotation. Following the eclipse, the
pendulum continues on its circular path. That means a brief increase in the
earth gravitation or the rate,  with which the earth turns around its own
axis. It would come thus to a brief increase of acceleration due to gravity
g. One calls this mysterious phenomenon, the 'Allais effect'.

 Allais has still no explanation for the observations, but he asks whether
the laws do not require a revision of the laws of gravitation. So far one
regarded this unjustified demand as obscure. After inquiries by researchers
and examination of old recordings of Foucault pendulums, coworkers of the
Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville (Alabama) became curious. To
investigate, David Noever and Ron Koczor probed deviations possible during
the pending solar eclipse over Europe with their extremely sensitive
gravitation measuring instruments.

Noever leads the project for extremely precise gravity measurements at
NASA. The experimentalists remain nevertheless for the time being reserved
and rather sceptical like many other scientists: " The Allais effect could
be explained ", assumes Noever, by the " following causes: systematic
measuring errors, local, seismic or temperature influences, a rare type of
earth oscillations or a radiation pressure independent of the gravitation.
" After 12 August I can say more ", he explains.

So far six scientists had proven independently the Allais effect. Why it is
to be examined however only  now with highest precision, nobody can
explain.   " To exclude systematic and local effects ", Noever describes, "
we and some groups of observers in a global network with different
measuring procedures will cooperate. " So far belonging to the network are
12 universities, museums and institutes in Australia, Europe and the USA.

In Germany it is the university observatory in Griefswald. Probably in
addition, uncounted private individuals and physics teacher will experiment
on Wednesday with a Foucault pendulum. Noevers  team begins its maximally
sensitive gravimeter readings used by NASA. It is shielded in relation to
magnetic, temperature and pressure influences and possesses an accuracy of
a ten-millionth g. Also a gravimeter at the Edcon Inc. in Denver
(Colorado), will take part in the measurements.

At present discussed explanations for the Allais effect range from quantum
fluctuations in a preferred direction in space (polarized vacuum)  to
modifications of the radiating pull of the sun on earth. Also the force of
gravity waves would not be to be excluded. They are not however at present
included because  their measureable orders of magnitude fall below
trillionths of g.  In 1959, long before the current tests, Werner von Braun
believed that anomalies of gravitation could explain observed course
modifications of space probes. He encouraged at that time also Allais to
publish his first observations in  English.

_________________________
German

Mysteriöse Pendelversuche
Forscher fragen: Ändert sich die Gravitation während der Sonnenfinsternis
unvorhersehbar?
Von Arno Nöldechen
 Huntsville -Sonnenfinsternisse haben immer wieder auch zu Spekulationen
über mysteriöse Einflüsse auf Mensch und Erde geführt. Tatsächlich machte
in den fünfziger Jahren der französische Physiker und
Wirtschaftsnobelpreisträger Maurice Allais auf messbare Anomalien der
Erdgravitation aufmerksam. Er registrierte nur während Sonnenfinsternissen
an
 seinem Foucaultschen Pendel unerklärliche Abweichungen der
Pendelbewegungen. Sie
lassen sich nicht mit magnetischen, seismischen oder gravimetrischen
Änderungen erklären.

 Ein Foucaultsches Pendel zeigt während einer Sonnenfinsternis eine
außergewöhnliche, 13,5 Grad betragende Zunahme des Winkels, um den sich das
Pendel auf seiner Kreisbahn weiterbewegt. Das bedeutet eine kurzzeitige
Zunahme der Erdgravitation oder der Geschwindigkeit, mit der die Erde sich
um ihre eigene Achse dreht. Es  käme somit zu einer kurzzeitigen Erhöhung
der Erdbeschleunigung g. Man bezeichnet dieses mysteriöse Phänomen als
Allais-Effekt.

Allais hat noch keine Erklärung für seine Beobachtungen, aber er fragt, ob
die Gesetze der
Gravitation nicht einer Revision bedürfen. Bislang hielt man dieses
Ansinnen eher für obskur.
Nach Umfragen unter Forschern und Durchsicht alter Aufzeichnungen über
Foucaultsche Pendel
wurden Mitarbeiter des Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville (Alabama)
neugierig. David
Noever und Ron Koczor planen, während der anstehenden Sonnenfinsternis über
Europa mit ihren äußerst empfindlichen Gravitationsmessgeräten möglichen
Abweichungen nachzuspüren.

Noever leitet bei der Nasa das Projekt für extrem genaue
Gravitationsmessungen. Er bleibt wie viele andere Wissenschaftler dennoch
vorerst zurückhaltend und eher skeptisch: "Der Allais-Effekt könnte",
vermutet Noever, "folgende Ursachen haben: systematische Messfehler,
lokale, seismische oder Temperatureinflüsse, eine seltene Art von
Erdoszillationen oder ein von der Gravitation unabhängiger Strahlungsdruck.
"Nach dem 12. August kann ich mehr sagen", meint er.

Bislang hatten sechs Wissenschaftler unabhängig voneinander den
Allais-Effekt nachgewiesen.
Warum er aber erst jetzt mit höchster Präzision untersucht werden soll,
kann niemand erklären.
Um systematische und lokale Effekte auszuschließen", erläutert Noever,
"werden wir und einige Beobachtergruppen in einem globalen Netzwerk mit
verschiedenen Messverfahren kooperieren." Bislang gehören dem Netzwerk 12
Universitäten, Museen und Institute in Australien, Europa und den USA an.
In Deutschland ist es das Universitätsobservatorium in Greifswald.
Wahrscheinlich werden aber auch ungezählte Privatleute und Physiklehrer am
Mittwoch mit einem Foucaultschen Pendel experimentieren. Noevers Team setzt
sein für die Nasa entwickeltes höchstempfindliches Gravimeter ein. Es ist
gegenüber magnetischen, Temperatur- und Druckeinflüssen abgeschirmt und
besitzt eine Genauigkeit von einem zehnmillionstel g. Auch ein
Gravimeterhersteller, die Edcon Inc. in Denver (Colorado), beteiligt sich
an den Messungen.

Derzeit diskutierte Erklärungen für den Allais-Effekt reichen von so
genannten Quantenfluktuationen im Weltraum bis zu Veränderungen des
Strahlendrucks der Sonne auf die
 Erde. Auch Schwerkraftwellen wären nicht auszuschließen. Sie sind aber
gegenwärtig wegen ihrer Größenordnungen unterhalb von trillionstel g nicht
messbar.

Schon Werner von Braun glaubte, dass Gravitationsanomalien beobachtete
Bahnveränderungen
von Raumsonden erklären könnten. Er ermutigte seinerzeit denn auch Allais,
seine ersten
Beobachtungen in Englisch zu veröffentlichen.
________________________

French

Les mystères des chercheurs de tentatives de pendule demandent:
L'attraction universelle change-t-elle pendant l'éclipse solaire
unforeseeably? Par Arno Noeldechen Huntsville - les éclipses solaires
mènent à plusieurs reprises aux spéculations au sujet des influences
mystérieuses sur les humains et la terre.

En fait le physicien et le lauréat français Maurice Allais Nobel ont appelé
l'attention particulier des anomalies mesurables de l'attraction
universelle de la terre dans les années '50. Elle registre seulement
pendant les éclipses du soleil en tant que déviations unexplainable d'un
pendule de Foucault dans ses  mouvements d' oscillation. Ces changements ne
peuvent pas être expliqués avec des modifications magnétiques, séismiques
ou gravimétriques.

Pendant une éclipse solaire, un pendule de Foucault a démontré jusqu' à une
augmentation de 13,5 degrés des angles de la rotation. Après l'éclipse, le
pendule continue sur sa voie d'accès circulaire.  Cela signifie une brève
augmentation de l'attraction universelle de la terre ou de la cadence, avec
lesquelles la terre tourne autour de son propre axe. Il viendrait ainsi à
une brève augmentation de l'accélération due à la pesanteur g. un appelle
ce phénomène mystérieux, l'' effet d'Allais '.

Allais n'a toujours aucune explication pour les observations, mais il
demande si les lois n'exigent pas  une révision des lois de l'attraction
universelle. Jusqu'ici un a considéré cette demande injustifiée comme
obscure. Après des enquêtes par les chercheurs et l'examen de vieux
enregistrements des pendules de Foucault, les collègues du centre de vol
spatial de rassemblement à Huntsville (Alabama) sont devenus curieux. Pour
étudier, David Noever et Ron Koczor ont sondé des déviations possibles
pendant l'éclipse solaire en attente au-dessus de l'Europe avec leurs
instruments de mesure extrêmement sensibles d'attraction universelle.

Noever mène le projet pour des mesures extrêmement précises de pesanteur à
la NASA. Les
 experimentalists restent néanmoins pour l'instant réservés et plutôt
sceptiques comme beaucoup d'autres scientifiques: " l'effet d'Allais a pu
être expliqué ", assume Noever, par " les causes suivantes: systématique
mesurant erreur, local, des influences séismiques ou de la température, un
type rare des oscillations de la terre ou d'une pression de rayonnement
indépendante de l'attraction universelle " après 12 août je puis dire plus
", il explique.

Jusqu'ici six scientifiques avaient prouvé indépendamment l'effet d'Allais.
Pourquoi il doit être seulement maintenant examiné cependant avec la
précision la plus élevée, personne ne peut expliquer. " pour exclure des
effets systématiques et locaux ", Noever décrit, " nous et quelques groupes
d'observateurs dans un réseau global avec différentes procédures de mesure
coopéreront " jusqu'ici appartenant au réseau sont 12 universités, musées
et instituts en Australie, Europe et aux Etats-Unis.

En Allemagne c'est l'observatoire d'université dans Griefswald.
Probablement en outre, uncounted les   particuliers et le professeur de
physique expérimentera mercredi avec un pendule de Foucault. L'équipe de
Noevers commence ses lectures au maximum sensibles de gravimètre employées
par NASA. Il est  protégé par rapport aux influences magnétiques, de la
température et de pression et possède une exactitude d'un dix-millionième
g. également un gravimètre chez Edcon Inc. à Denver (le Colorado),
participera aux mesures.

Explications actuellement discutées pour l'intervalle d'effet d'Allais des
fluctuations de tranche de temps   dans une direction préférée dans
l'espace (vide polarisé) aux modifications de la traction de  rayonnement
du soleil sur terre. Également la force des vagues de pesanteur ne devrait
pas être exclue.  Elles cependant ne sont pas actuellement incluses parce
que leurs ordres de grandeur mesurables tombent au-dessous des trillionths
de g. En 1959, longtemps avant les essais actuels, Werner von Braun a cru
que les anomalies de l'attraction universelle pourraient expliquer des
modifications observées de cours des sondes d'espace. Il a encouragé à ce
moment-là également Allais d'éditer ses premières observations en anglais.
_____________________
Italian

I misteri dei ricercatori di tentativi del pendolo chiedono: La
gravitazione cambia durante l' eclipse solare unforeseeably? Da Arno
Noeldechen Huntsville - le eclipse solari conducono ripetutamente alle
speculazioni circa le influenze mysterious sugli esseri umani e sulla
terra. Realmente il fisico ed il laureate francesi Maurice Allais Nobel
hanno attirato l' attenzione particolare le anomalie misurabili della
gravitazione della terra negli anni '50. Ha registrato soltanto durante le
eclipse del sole come  deviazioni unexplainable del pendolo di Foucault nei
relativi movimenti oscillanti. Questi cambiamenti non possono essere
spiegati con le modifiche magnetiche, sismiche o gravimetriche.

Durante l' eclipse solare, un pendolo di Foucault ha dimostrato fino ad un
aumento di 13,5 gradi degli angoli di rotazione. A seguito dell' eclipse,
il pendolo continua sul relativo percorso circolare. Quello significa un
breve aumento nella gravitazione della terra o nel tasso, con cui la terra
gira intorno al relativo proprio asse. Verrebbe così ad un breve aumento di
accelerazione dovuto gravità g. uno chiama  questo fenomeno mysterious, '
l' effetto di Allais '.

Allais non ha ancora spiegazione per le osservazioni, ma chiede se le leggi
non richiedono una
 revisione delle leggi di gravitazione. Finora uno ha considerare questa
richiesta ingiustificata oscura.  Dopo le inchieste dai ricercatori e dall'
esame di vecchie registrazioni dei pendoli di Foucault, i colleghe del
centro di volo spaziale di ordinamento a Huntsville (Alabama) sono
diventato curiosi. Per studiare,David Noever e Ron Koczor ha sondato le
deviazioni possibili durante dell' l' eclipse solare in attesa sopra Europa
con i loro strumenti di misura di gravitazione estremamente sensibile.

 Noever conduce il progetto per le misure estremamente precise di gravità
alla NASA. I experimentalists rimangono tuttavia per il momento riservati e
piuttosto scettici come molti altri scienziati: " l' effetto di Allais ha
potuto essere spiegato ", presuppone Noever, " dalle cause seguenti:
sistematico misurando  errore, locale, influenze di temperatura o sismiche,
un tipo raro di oscillazioni della terra o di pressione  di radiazione
indipendente dalla gravitazione " dopo il 12 agosto posso dire più ",
spiega.

Finora sei scienziati avevano dimostrato indipendentemente l' effetto di
Allais. Perchè deve soltanto ora  essere esaminato tuttavia con più alta
precisione, nessuno può spiegare. " per escludere gli effetti sistematici e
locali ", Noever descrive, " noi ed alcuni gruppi degli osservatori in una
rete globale con differenti procedure di misurazione coopereranno " finora
appartenendo alla rete sono 12 università, musei ed istituti in Australia,
Europa e negli S.U.A..

  In Germania è l' osservatorio dell' università in Griefswald.
Probabilmente in più, uncounted gli individui privati e l' insegnante di
fisica sperimenterà il mercoledì con un pendolo di Foucault. La squadra di
Noevers comincia le relative letture al massimo sensibili del gravimetro
usate da NASA. " protetto  rispetto alle influenze magnetiche, di
temperatura e di pressione e possiede un' esattezza d'un  dieci-milionesimo
g. egualmente un gravimetro al Edcon Inc. a Denver (Colorado), parteciperà
alle misure.

Spiegazioni attualmente discusse per la gamma di effetto di Allais dalle
fluttuazioni di quantum in un  senso preferito nello spazio (vuoto
polarizzato) alle modifiche del tiro di irradiamento del sole su terra.
Egualmente la forza delle onde di gravità non dovrebbe essere esclusa.
Tuttavia attualmente non sono incluse perché i loro ordini di grandezza
misurabili cadono sotto i trillionths della g. In 1959, molto prima  che
delle prove correnti, Werner von Braun ha creduto che le anomalie di
gravitazione potrebbero spiegare le modifiche osservate di corso delle
sonde spaziali. Ha consigliato a a quel tempo egualmente Allais di
pubblicare le sue prime osservazioni in inglese.
_____________________

Spanish

Los misterios de los investigadores de las tentativas del péndulo piden: La
gravitación cambia durante el eclipse solar unforeseeably? Por Arno
Noeldechen Huntsville - los eclipses solares conducen en varias ocasiones a
las especulaciones sobre influencias misteriosas en seres humanos y tierra.
Realmente el físico y el laureado franceses Maurice Allais Nobel trazaron
la atención a las anomalías mensurables de la gravitación de la tierra en
los años '50. Se colocó solamente durante eclipses del sol como
desviaciones unexplainable de un péndulo de Foucault en sus movimientos
oscilantes. Estos cambios no se pueden explicar con modificaciones
magnéticas, sísmicas o gravimétricas.

Durante un eclipse solar, un péndulo de Foucault demostró hasta un aumento
de 13,5 grados de los ángulos de la rotación.
Después del eclipse, el
péndulo continúa en su camino circular. Eso significa un aumento abreviado
en la gravitación de la tierra o la tarifa, con las cuales la tierra da
vuelta alrededor de su propio eje. Vendría así a un aumento abreviado de la
aceleración debido a la gravedad g. uno llama este fenómeno misterioso, el
' efecto de Allais '.

Allais todavía no tiene ninguna explicación para las observaciones, sino
que él pregunta si los leyes no requieren una revisión de los leyes de la
gravitación. Hasta ahora uno miró esta demanda injustificada como obscura.
Después de preguntas por los investigadores y la examinación de viejas
grabaciones de los péndulos de Foucault, los compañeros de trabajo del
centro del vuelo espacial del formar en Huntsville (Alabama) hicieron
curiosos. Para investigar, David Noever y Ron Koczor sondó las desviaciones
posibles durante el eclipse solar pendiente concluído Europa con sus
instrumentos que medían de la gravitación extremadamente sensible.

Noever conduce el proyecto para las medidas extremadamente exactas de la
gravedad en la NASA.  Los experimentalists permanecen sin embargo por el
tiempo que es reservado y algo escéptico como muchos otros científicos: "
el efecto de Allais se podía explicar ", asume Noever, por de " causas
siguiente: sistemático midiendo error, local, las influencias sísmicas o de
la temperatura, un tipo raro de oscilaciones de la tierra o de una presión
de la radiación independiente de la gravitación " después del el 12 de
agosto puedo decir más ", él explica.

Hasta ahora seis científicos habían probado independientemente el efecto de
Allais. Porqué debe solamente ahora ser examinado sin embargo con la
precisión más alta, nadie puede explicar. **time-out** " para excluir
sistemático y local efecto ", Noever describir, " nosotros y alguno grupo
observador en uno global red con diferente medir procedimiento cooperar "
hasta ahora pertenecer red ser 12 universidad, museo y instituto en
Australia, Europa y E.E.U.U..

En Alemania es el observatorio de la universidad en Griefswald.
Probablemente además, uncounted a  individuos privados y el profesor de la
física experimentará el miércoles con un péndulo de Foucault. El equipo de
Noevers comienza sus lecturas máximo sensibles del gravímetro usadas por
NASA. Se blinda en lo referente a influencias magnéticas, de la temperatura
y de la presión y posee una exactitud de un diez-millonésimo g. también un
gravímetro en el Edcon Inc. en Denver (Colorado), participará en las
medidas.

Explicaciones actualmente discutidas para el rango del efecto de Allais de
fluctuaciones del quántum en una dirección preferida en el espacio (vacío
polarizado) a las modificaciones del tirón de la radiación del sol en la
tierra. También la fuerza de las ondas de la gravedad no debería ser
excluida. Sin embargo no se incluyen actualmente porque sus órdenes de la
magnitud mensurables bajan debajo de trillionths de g. En 1959, mucho antes
de que las pruebas actuales, Werner von Braun creyó que las anomalías de la
gravitación podrían explicar modificaciones observadas del curso de las
puntas de prueba de espacio. Él animó en aquella 'epoca también Allais de
publicar sus primeras observaciones en inglés.

*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail:
david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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Date: Tue, 12 Oct 1999 11:47:10 -0600

To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

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From: "David Noever" <david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov>

Subject: Re: R: Stationary pendulum

 


Antonio,

Thanks for the email update. After looking through the control data, it
would seem that the oscillation pattern has a very low frequency. Less than
one might expect from a building vibration mode or thermal/pressure wave?
Would you characterize the direct observations as more akin to a vertical
tilt, with a typical 0.01-0.5 Hz kind of frequency (longer seconds to
minutes)?

We are interested because the vertical tilt explanation seems to be
circulating in the published literature, and your design seems well-suited
to consider that effect.

Otherwise, I take it that you are cross-correlating the local images with
the Univ. Trieste gravity data. It is harder for me to understand why those
should be correlated (no gravity component in a vertical, stationary
pendulum), but clearly the gravity readings are only being taken in the
vertical and will not see the kind of axial (horizontal) effects unless
their are other components to the signal anomalies?


>Dear Mr. Noever,
>
>I hope you have received the photographs I have shipped early this month.
>
>If you received them, would you like to consider the following:
>
>Photos K01 (Sept 8), L01 (Sept 9) and M01 (Sept 10) show a movement toward
>approx NW. I have found that the angular distance between Moon and sun, at
>my location, was respectively 21o, 8o and 5o, that is decreasing.
>In the photos of Aug 11 and 12, at 10:48, an opposite movement is shown; the
>angular distance was increasing (less than 1o in Aug 11, and approx 14o in
>Aug 12).
>
>Note: in Aug 11 and 12 I have used two different monitors, but the movement
>may be easily appreciated.
>
>Regards,
>Antonio


*****************************************************************************
Dr. David Noever Space Sciences Lab
Mail Code: SD48 Microgravity Science And Applications
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 256-544-7783 (Ph)
Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 256-544-2102 (FAX)
e-mail:
david.noever@msfc.naxa.gov

 

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omitted (this was an error message from the Nasa mail server)

 

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From: "David Noever" <cybchemx@ro.cox>

To: "David Noever" <cybchemx@ro.cox>

Subject: Eclipse Network: Informal Update, October 16

Date: Sat, 16 Oct 1999 15:43:52 -0500

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To Eclipse Network Collaborators,

 

This is a preliminary draft of some general considerations for the Allais effect research paper in preparation (see video content at: http://www.science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast12oct99_1.htm). I would anticipate getting this into the scientific peer review process within a week or so, with initial signoff and comments solicited from team members who have reviewed it internally and elected to participate in publication.

 

I am formalizing the more detailed consideration of alternative explanations during the eclipse. For figure purposes, I will reduce the pendulum video to graphical formats for plotting the angular plane vs. time. The other figures to include would be most probably in the format of overlapping image frames (before, during and after images--cut into the same single frame) from the  multiple observation sites. Feel free to add commentary and questions, since this material is mainly experimental and explanatory, with discussion and conclusions sections to be inserted later.

 

 Any theoretical arguments will be submitted as a separate publication.

 

More to follow.

 

David Noever

Discussion of Foucault pendulum dynamics

For the harmonic oscillator moving in a rotationally-frictionless support (subject to Coriolis effects), there are the following known force contributions: 1) the gravitationally dependent and harmonic restoring force [mass independent]; 2) the transverse and parallel force owing to the Earth’s rotation, effective Coriolis force; 3) spurious mechanical anisotropies in wire, support, release, or drag terms which are anharmonic, but with periodic components based on the design and material specifications; 4) compensating damping (anharmonic) or driving (harmonic) force terms introduced for continuous observation or self-correction.

For much longer Earth rotation periods than swing periods [(g/Lsin(latitude))1/2 >>1), the governing harmonic oscillator equation

Z" + 2iW sin lat . Z' + w^2Z = 0

can be written as a function of the swing frequency, w, rotational frequency, W, and time for Z=x+iy in the complex plane (|z|exp(iF))

Z = {Aexp(iwt) + Bexp(-iwt)} exp(-iWt sin lat)

The complex constants A and B depend on initial position and velocity. This form correctly reduces for a non-rotating reference frame (W=0) to harmonic oscillation with period T=2p/w, and elliptical path, Zs = {Aexp(iwt) + Bexp(-iwt). This case is equivalent at the equator (zero latitude), where no observed rotation is measured. This form also gives the correct direction for negative latitudes (in the Southern hemisphere, or anticlockwise from above).

The spherical geometry and Coriolis complications for mid-latitudes are typically diminished for small angular displacements (high length/amplitude ratios). However asymmetries in wire or support, release or drag introduce other terms treated to their order of magnitudes below, but their contribution is measured by the elliptical orbits characterized as the minor/major axis ratio, (b/a). In practice, long, symmetrical, supports or a combination of damping (usually anharmonic) and driving (harmonic) terms are part of any engineering directed towards isolating or demonstrating the unique Coriolis contribution. Spurious elliptical asymmetries are not apparent, by definition, for a single release plane passing through the Z=0 equilibrium (vertical suspension); a consequence of this often equips this single release either with a magnetic outer ring (which seizes momentarily the pendulum bob, then releases it for a single swing) or passive mechanical damping (so-called Charron ring which frictionally damps by impact).

The Foucault rotation is dependent to first order only on the sine of the geographic latitude. There is no gravitational dependence other than the swing period [(g/L)1/2] and no material dependence other than the primary effects on secondary modes such as wire stretch under tension [with period proportional to [(k/m)1/2] or torsional effects for twist [with period proportional to [(K/I)1/2, where the moment of inertia is I=mR2]. When Poisson’s student, Coriolis, began examining such latitudinal accelerations, the initial evaluation was that observeability was questionable except for pendulums which might cumulatively add the incremental boosts.

For the earth’s rotation relative to fixed stars (w=2p/23.93 h), a vertical component w’=w sin(f). The clockwise precession observed in the earth’s fixed frame is apparent because of the earth’s counterclockwise rotation. The Coriolis force, F=2mfV, is perpendicular to the velocity vector, V, for a mass m, and as Foucault demonstrated has a cumulative effect for long observation times.

The mean turning angle per hour introduces deviations attributeable to random fluctuations and a small drift or advance. A typical value for these deviations in a properly designed pendulum is 0.5 degrees/day, the origin of which is not entirely understood. Periodic behavior with a period of 1-9 hours stem from small imperfections in the wire support, mainly because they are correlated with the direction of the oscillation plane. By the difference between the two (180 degree) extrema, the swing plane determination is averaged.

Because of the many statements of Mach’s principle, the inertial reference frame is summarized here to mean the distant stars affect the pendulum (in other words, in the absence of the star (inertial) reference frame, the pendulum would not be detectably precessing). Mach’s principle took the Foucault rotation not as evidence of absolute space or reference frames but that the fixed stars (infinite boundary condition on a shell) establish the inertial reference frame of the pendulum bob. In the star reference frame, the pendulum is just a harmonic oscillator mapping an elliptical orbit.

Corrections to Ideal Behavior

Deviations from ideal harmonic restoring forces are proportional to the square of the angular displacement from the vertical. Anharmonic displacements between 1-4 degrees of half-amplitude angular displacements introduce an error box in the direction of the restoring force (parallel to the swing plane). The perpendicular component of this anharmonicity is fractionally less, thus a ‘fixity of plane’ hypothesis is typically applied. For a measured frequency w, the elliptical modes with major axis a and minor axis b are characterized by b/a=we’/w.

Observations:

  1. The Foucault effect (Coriolis force cumulatively displayed on a pendulum free to rotate and swing) is on the order of a micro-G (millionth of background gravitational acceleration). Thus the ratio of average Coriolis/gravitational force is 10^-6. The average, F=2mwV, is linear in all pendulum parameters, including bob weight and velocity, along with the latitudinally dependent earth rotation. The maximum perpendicular deflection occurs as the pendulum passes through the vertical (maximum velocity). In the absence of a driving force, this is the equilibrium or stationary point.
  2. Thus a well-designed pendulum which detects the Foucault effect to less than 1% accuracy must operate without spurious precession and thus is measuring between 1-10 nano-G (billionths of background) acceleration equivalents. This mechanical precision rivals some solid-state or spring-mass detectors, but at the scale of 10-100 m in total size.
  3. The tension force in the wire supports the bob against gravitational forces, with a maximum angular displacement (<0.1 radians), thus residual gravity effects appear to order 10^-5 G (10 micro-G) or less. This is otherwise the ratio of the direct frequency effect of the Coriolis force (rotational frequency of the Earth at that latitude) to the gravitational force (swing frequency).
  4. Competing with the Coriolis or Foucault precession are anharmonic contributions which vary with the square of the maximum angular displacement, B. The ratio or anharmonic/harmonic force is proportional to the square of this ratio, 1/2B^2. For strictly planar oscillation, no precession arises from anharmonic forces, so spurious contributions are further reduced by the elliptical ratio, b/a, between the major and minor axes. For example values including a Charron ring and support anisotropies, a typical ratio, b/a=1/50. Even at this value, the ratio between the earth’s rotation and spurious precision can be order unity, thus making the Coriolis rotation marginally observeable.
  5. Corrections owing to uncontrollable drive and damping fluctuations are order corrections proportional to (b/a)^2. To observe the pendulum over a period of 6 hours (approximately 10 degrees/hr of Coriolis rotaiton) indicates that the spurious precession rates of less than 1% must equate to less than a sum contribution of 0.6 degrees. Another way of putting this is that over 2 weeks of observation, a 0.5% spurious or random contribution allows determination of latitude by calculation and pendulum measurements with uncertainties of 30 km.

Some video tests for artifacts:

  1. anisotropies in the pendulum wire and support can be detected by calibrating the two extreme frequencies, with the bob pulled back in two particular and nearly perpendicular directions. The period difference is T=2*pi/(w1-w2), where the two frequencies, wi, are mutually perpendicular. Short pendulums can reveal periodicities from this artifact with various periodicities between 1-9 hours.
  2. Because these deviations are cumulative, they can have a substantial effect without rotation effects of the earth, but mechanical anomalies. For half periods, 0.5T, the oscillation is maximally out of phase (x, y initially positive in phase; x,y oppositely positive and negative at right angles to the starting plane; w1t-w2t=pi). For intermediate times, elliptical motion grows from 0 at release time to circular motion for 0.25 T (or b/a=1).
  3. Since these mechanical anisotropies yield a difference period in two mutually perpendicular periods, the difference period is proportional to 3/2 powers of the pendulum length. A 25 m length pendulum compared to a 1 m pendulum will have a difference period scaling as 125:1, thus in any single 6 hours of observation two orders of magnitude slower growth of elliptical oscillations.
  4. A Charron ring is a large brass ring typically which the pendulum strikes near the end of each swing (limited by angular deflection maximum). The Coriolis force acts only while the pendulum is in motion, so in theory, a perfect release from rest on each swing would correctly show the Coriolis deflections. For example, the maximum deflection owing to the earth’s rotation occurs when the bob passes the local vertical (equilibrium position). The combination of impact and friction forces from the Charron ring damp elliptical oscillations, particularly when the large impact forces reduce any tangential motion from the mechanical support or wire anisotropies. This tuneable impact force depends on the position of the ring relative to the maximum in pendulum swing, but by its own can cause an orbital deflection and pendulum precession if too small relative to the pendulum path. This restoring force, because it is not harmonic, introduces an additional perpendicular (to the plane of oscillation) contribution, thus also introducing an additional deflection and precession.
  5. To eliminate the residual precession, an average harmonic force is adjusted by spacing one magnet on a fixed support underneath and one on the pendulum itself (opposite repulsive poles on a magnet pair) [Crane design, 1981 for short pendulums). Thus to reveal the true Coriolis effect against the background mechanical anisotropies in support or suspending wire, a combination of a magnet pair, a frictional damper (Charron ring) limits the growth of elliptical modes. Because these additions slow the pendulum, a third component as a magnetic drive coil drives the swing (push-pull phased) against friction. The drive coil acts on the magnet within the bob itself (with phase triggered by an induction current each time the pendulum magnet is sensed, or the ‘sense coil’).

In sum, various corrections and their components can include a passive frictional damper (Charron ring); a magnet pair in the base and bob; a drive and sense coil.

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Subject: Aggiornamento di eclipse; introduzione della brutta copia per le osservazioni

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video content at: http://www.science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast12oct99_1.htm).

 

Benvenuto di osservazioni.

Rete Di Eclipse 

David Noever

 

Discussione sul dynamics del pendolo di Foucault

 

            Per l' oscillatore armonico che si muove in un supporto
            rotationally-rotationally-frictionless (conforme agli effetti di Coriolis), ci sono i
            seguenti contributi conosciuti della forza: 1) gravitazionale il dipendente e la forza
            di ristabilimento armonica [ indipendente totale ]; 2) la forza trasversale e parallela
            a causa della rotazione della terra, forza efficace di Coriolis; 3) le anisotropie
            meccaniche spurie in legare, nel supporto, nella versione, o nei termini di
            resistenza che sono anharmonic, ma con i componenti periodici hanno basato sul
            disegno e sulle specifiche materiali; 4) inumidire di compensazione (anharmonic)
            o guidare i termini della forza (dell' armonica) introdotti per l' osservazione o la
            auto-correzione continua.

 

 

 

            Per i periodi molto più lunghi di rotazione della terra che i periodi dell' oscillazione
            [ (g/Lsin(latitude))1/2 >>1), l' equazione armonica governante dell' oscillatore

 

            Z " + lat di sin ìW. Z ' + w^2Z = 0

 

            può essere scritto in funzione della frequenza dell' oscillazione, del W, della
            frequenza di rotazione, del W e del tempo per Z=x+iy nel piano complesso
            (|z|exp(iF))

 

            La Z = { Aexp(iwt) + lat di sin di Bexp(-iwt) } exp(-iWt) i costanti complessi A e B
            dipende dalla posizione e dalla velocità iniziali. Questa forma riduce
            correttamente per una struttura non-non-rotating di riferimento (W=0) ad
            oscillazione armonica con il periodo T=2p/w ed il percorso ellittico, Zs = {
            Aexp(iwt) + Bexp(-iwt). Questo caso è equivalente all' Equatore (latitudine zero),
            dove nessuna rotazione osservata è misurata. Questa forma egualmente dà il
            senso corretto per le latitudini negative (nell' emisfero del sud, o antiorario da
            suddetto).

 

La geometria e le complicazioni sferiche di Coriolis per le metà di-latitudini sono
            diminuite tipicamente per i piccoli spostamenti angolari (alti rapporti di
            length/amplitude). Comunque le asimmetrie in legare o nel supporto, si liberano o
            la resistenza introduce altri termini trattati al loro ordine delle grandezze qui sotto,
            ma il loro contributo è misurato dalle orbite ellittiche caratterizzate come il
            rapporto di asse di minor/major, (b/a). In pratica, lungo, simmetrico, supporti o una
            combinazione di inumidire (solitamente anharmonic) e di azionamento dei termini
            (dell' armonica) fa parte di tutta l' ingegneria orientata verso l' isolamento o la
            dimostrazione del contributo unico di Coriolis. Le asimmetrie ellittiche spurie non
            sono apparenti, tramite la definizione, per passare piano della singola versione
            con Z=0 l' equilibrio (sospensione verticale); una conseguenza di questa dota
            spesso questa singola versione delle versioni esterne magnetiche dell' anello (che
            grippa momentaneamente il peso del pendolo, quindi esso per una singola
            oscillazione) o smorzamento meccanico passivo (cosiddetto anello di Charron
            che frictionally si inumidisce dal impact).

 

La rotazione di Foucault è dipendente a primo ordine soltanto dal seno della
            latitudine geografica là essere nessun gravitazionale dipendenza
            tranne oscillazione periodo [ (g/L)1/2 ] e nessun materiale dipendenza tranne
            primario effetto secondario modo come legare stirata sotto tensionamento [ con
            periodo proporzionale [ (k/m)1/2 ] o di torsione effetto per torsione [ con periodo
            proporzionale [ (K/I)1/2, dove momento inerzia essere I=mR2 ]. Quando l' allievo
            del Poisson, Coriolis, ha cominciato ad esaminare tali accelerazioni latitudinal, la
            valutazione iniziale era che il observeability era discutibile tranne i pendoli che
            potrebbero cumulativamente aggiungere le spinte incrementali.

 

 

 

            Per alle le stelle fisse relative di rotazione della terra (w=2p/23.93 h), un sin(f)
            componente verticale del w'=w. Il precession in senso orario osservato nel telaio
            fisso della terra è apparente a causa della rotazione in senso antiorario della
            terra. La forza di Coriolis, F=2mfV, è perpendicolare al vettore di velocità, V, per
            una massa m. e poichè Foucault dimostrato ha un effetto cumulativo per i molti
            tempi di osservazione.

 

            La barra di rotazione media all' ora introduce le deviazioni attributeable alle
            fluttuazioni casuali e ad una piccola direzione o avanzamento. Un valore tipico per
            queste deviazioni in un pendolo correttamente progettato è 0,5 degrees/day, l'
            origine di cui interamente non è capita. Il comportamento periodico con un
            periodo di 1-9 ore proviene dalle piccole imperfezioni nel supporto del legare,
            pricipalmente perché sono correlate con il senso dell' aereo di oscillazione.
            Tramite la differenza fra i due (estremi di 180 gradi), la determinazione dell' aereo
            dell' oscillazione è avuta una media di.

 

A causa delle molte istruzione del principio di Mach, la struttura inerziale di
            riferimento è ricapitolata qui per significare che le stelle distanti interessano il
            pendolo (cioè in assenza del telaio (inerziale) di riferimento della stella, il pendolo
            rilevabile non precessing). Il principio di Mach ha preso la rotazione di Foucault
            non come prova dei telai assoluti di riferimento o dello spazio ma quello le stelle
            fisse (stato di contorno infinito sulle coperture) stabilisce la struttura inerziale di
            riferimento del peso del pendolo. Nel telaio di riferimento della stella, il pendolo è
            giusto un oscillatore armonico che traccia un' orbita ellittica.

 

            Correzioni a comportamento ideale

 

            Le deviazioni dalle forze di ristabilimento armoniche ideali sono proporzionali al
            quadrato dello spostamento angolare dal verticale. Gli spostamenti anharmonic
            fra 1-4 gradi degli spostamenti angolari di metà-ampiezza introducono una
            casella di errori nel senso della forza di ristabilimento (parallelo all' aereo dell'
            oscillazione). Il componente perpendicolare di questo anharmonicity è in frazioni
            di meno, così ' il fixity ' dell' ipotesi piana è applicato tipicamente. Per una frequenza misurata
            W, i modi ellittici con l' asse principale a e l' asse secondario b sono caratterizzati
            da b/a=we'/w.

 

            Osservazioni:

 

            L' effetto di Foucault (forza di Coriolis cumulativamente visualizzata liberamente
            su un pendolo per ruotare e su un' oscillazione) è sull' ordine d'un micro-G
            (milionesimo di accelerazione gravitazionale della priorità bassa). Così il rapporto
            della forza media di Coriolis/gravitational è 10^-6. La media, F=2mwV, è lineare
            in tutti i parametri del pendolo, compreso il peso del peso e la velocità, con la
            rotazione latitudinally dipendente della terra. La deviazione perpendicolare
            massima accade mentre il pendolo attraversa il verticale (velocità massima). In
            assenza d'una forza di azionamento, questo è l' equilibrio o il punto stazionario.

 

            Così un pendolo ben progettato che rileva l' effetto di Foucault più di meno dell'
            esattezza 1% deve funzionare senza precession spurio e così sta misurando fra
            1-10 equivalenti di accelerazione di nano-G (billionths di priorità bassa).Questa precisione meccanica rivaleggia con alcuni rilevatori della molla-massa o
            semi conduttori, ma alla scala di 10-100 m. nel formato totale.

 

            La forza di tensionamento nel legare sostiene il peso contro gravitazionale forza,
            con uno spostamento angolare massimo (radianti <0.1), così gli effetti residui di
            gravità sembrano ordinare 10^-5 la G (10 micro-G) o di meno. Ciò è al contrario il
            rapporto dell' effetto diretto di frequenza della forza di Coriolis (frequenza di
            rotazione della terra a quella latitudine) alla forza gravitazionale (frequenza dell'
            oscillazione).

 

            Stanno competendo al precession di Foucault o di Coriolis i contributi anharmonic
            che variano con il quadrato dello spostamento angolare massimo, rapporto del B.
            The o forza di anharmonic/harmonic è proporzionale al quadrato di questo
            rapporto, 1/2B^2. Per oscillazione rigorosamente planare, nessun precession
            risulta dalle forze anharmonic, in modo da i contributi spuri più ulteriormente sono
            ridotti dal rapporto ellittico, b/a, fra le ascie principali e secondarie.

 

            Per esempio i valori compreso un Charron squillano e sostengono le anisotropie,
            un rapporto tipico, b/a=1/50. Anche a questo valore, il rapporto fra la rotazione
            della terra e la precisione spuria può essere unità di ordine, così rendendo la
            rotazione di Coriolis marginalmente observeable.

 

            Le correzioni a causa delle fluttuazioni incontrollabili inumidirsi e dell' azionamento
            sono correzioni di ordine proporzionali a (b/a)^2. per osservare il pendolo durante
            6 ore (circa 10 degrees/hr del rotaiton di Coriolis) indica che i tassi spuri di
            precession di di meno che 1% devono identificare di meno che un contributo di
            somma di 0,6 gradi. Un altro modo di mettere questo è quello oltre 2 settimane
            dell' osservazione, i 0,5% contributi spuri o casuali permette la determinazione
            della latitudine tramite le misure del pendolo e di calcolazione con lle incertezze di
            30 chilometri.

 

 

            Alcune prove del video per i manufatti:

 

            le anisotropie nel pendolo legano ed il supporto può essere rilevato calibrando le
            due frequenze estreme, con il peso tirato indietro in due particolari e nei sensi
            quasi perpendicolari. La differenza di periodo è T=2*pi/(w1-w2), dove le due
            frequenze, wi, sono reciprocamente perpendicolari. I pendoli corti possono
            rivelare le periodicità da questo manufatto con le varie periodicità fra 1-9 ore.

 

            Poiché queste deviazioni sono cumulative, possono avere un effetto notevole
            senza effetti di rotazione della terra, ma anomalie meccaniche. Per i periodi
            mezzi, 0.5T, l' oscillazione ha luogo al massimo dalla fase (x, di y positive
            inizialmente nella fase; x,y in modo opposto positivo e negazione
            perpendicolarmente all' aereo iniziante; w1t-w2t=pi). Per i periodi intermedi, il
            movimento ellittico si sviluppa da 0 a tempo della versione a movimento circolare
            per 0,25 T (o b/a=1).

 

 

            Poiché queste anisotropie meccaniche rendono un periodo di differenza in due
            periodi reciprocamente perpendicolari, il periodo di differenza è proporzionale a
            3/2 di pontenzi della lunghezza del pendolo. Un pendolo di lunghezza di 25 m. ha
            confrontato ad un pendolo da 1 m. avrà uno scaling di periodo di differenza come
            125:1, così in tutte le singole 6 ore degli ordini di osservazione due di sviluppo più
            lento di grandezza delle oscillazioni ellittiche.

 

            Un anello di Charron è tipicamente un grande anello d'ottone che il pendolo
            colpisce vicino all' estremità di ogni oscillazione (limitata dal massimo angolare di
            deviazione). La forza di Coriolis si comporta soltanto mentre il pendolo è nel
            movimento, in modo da nella teoria, una versione perfetta da resto su ogni
            oscillazione mostrerebbe correttamente le deviazioni di Coriolis. Per esempio, la
            deviazione massima a causa della rotazione della terra accade quando il peso
            passa il verticale locale (posizione di equilibrio). La combinazione delle forze di
            attrito e di effetto dal Charron squilla le oscillazioni ellittiche umide, specialmente
            quando le grandi forze di effetto riducono tutto il movimento tangenziale
            meccanico dal su quando le grandi forze di effetto riducono tutto il movimento tangenziale dal
            meccanico sostenere o legare le anisotropie. Questa forza sintonizzabile di effetto
            dipende dalla posizione dell' anello riguardante il massimo nell' oscillazione del
            pendolo, ma dai relativi propri può causare un precession orbitale del pendolo e
            di deviazione se troppo piccolo riguardante il percorso del pendolo. Questa forza
            di ristabilimento, perché non è armonica, introduce (al piano di oscillazione) un
            contributo perpendicolare supplementare, così anche introducendo una
            deviazione e un precession supplementari.

 

            Per eliminare il precession residuo, una forza armonica media è registrata
            spaziando un magnete su un supporto fisso sotto e su uno sul pendolo in se (di
            fronte ai poli repulsive su un accoppiamento) del magnete [ disegno della gru,
            1981 per i pendoli corti). Così per rivelare il vero effetto di Coriolis contro le
            anisotropie meccaniche della priorità bassa in supporto o legare di sospensione,
            una combinazione d'un accoppiamento del magnete, un ammortizzatore frizionale
            (anello di Charron) limita lo sviluppo dei modi ellittici.

 

            Poiché queste aggiunte ritardano il pendolo, un terzo componente come bobina
            magnetica dell' azionamento guida l' oscillazione (in opposizione messo) contro
            attrito. La bobina dell' azionamento si comporta sul magnete all'interno del peso in
            se (con la fase innescata da una corrente di induzione ogni volta il magnete del
            pendolo è percepito, o ' la bobina di senso ').

 

            Nella somma, le varie correzioni ed i loro componenti possono includere un
            ammortizzatore frizionale passivo (anello di Charron); un accoppiamento del
            magnete nella base e nel peso; una bobina di senso e dell' azionamento.

 

 

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The email address has been changed. It is best to correspond through this address, because of the large volume of data space.

 

Regards,

David

----- Original Message -----

From: Antonio Iovane

To: David Noever

Sent: Sunday, October 17, 1999 4:59 PM

Subject: R: Stationary pendulum

 

Thanks for your recent informal update.

I' m a little confused, as I feel that something happened there.

Would you like to find hereinbelow my most recent message to you, which was rejected by your previous mail server (at Nasa).

**********


Dear Mr. Noever,

Thanks for your e-mail.
In my e-mail of Aug 21, I reported some notes from my notebook.
I hope you have saved a copy of that message; however, for your convenience,
the notes are repeated here:

From the notebook:

From 10:28 to 10:42  major axis direction change > 20°
From 11:40 to 11:53  major axis direction change > 45°
From 11:13 to 11:23  major axis direction chenge > 30°
From 12:18 to 12:28  major axis direction change > 45°
From 13:28 to 13:38  major axis direction change > 30°
From 14:10 to 14:20  remarkable increment of oscillation.

The above notes were written about a month before receiving gravimeter data
from Trieste.
If you have on hand a graph of the Trieste's data, you will find that all of
the considered intervals of time include, or are very close to, pronounced
peaks of the gravimeter data (please subtract 2 h for UTC and consider
synchronization).
This would seem to indicate that cross-correlation may be considered
meaningful, and that a closer analysis of the stationary pendulum data
(zooming into the above intervals) may give further information (may be the
direction of the horizzontal component of the perturbing force).
Should a correlation be confirmed, this would mean that the speed of
propagation of the perturbing event is similar to the speed of the shadow,
and this may exclude both building vibration and thermal/pressure waves (perhaps low frequency diffraction waves might be considered).
Regarding the synchronization, my standpoint is that, if made only on an
optical basis, it may be incorrect.

Regards,
Antonio.

>Antonio,
>
>Thanks for the email update. After looking through the control data, it
>would seem that the oscillation pattern has a very low frequency. Less than
>one might expect from a building vibration mode or thermal/pressure wave?
>Would you characterize the direct observations as more akin to a vertical
>tilt, with a typical 0.01-0.5 Hz kind of frequency (longer seconds to
>minutes)?
>
>We are interested because the vertical tilt explanation seems to be
>circulating in the published literature, and your design seems well-suited
>to consider that effect.
>
>Otherwise, I take it that you are cross-correlating the local images with
>the Univ. Trieste gravity data. It is harder for me to understand why those
>should be correlated (no gravity component in a vertical, stationary
>pendulum), but clearly the gravity readings are only being taken in the
>vertical and will not see the kind of axial (horizontal) effects unless
>their are other components to the signal anomalies?
>

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From: "David Noever" <cybchemx@ro.cox>

To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

References: <001801bf18ea$d74fac40$76cdd8d4@idurhslj>

Subject: Re: Stationary pendulum

Date: Sat, 23 Oct 1999 15:12:25 -0500

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Find attached gif images which should load into any browser for viewing. David

 

----- Original Message -----

From: Antonio Iovane

To: David Noever

Sent: Sunday, October 17, 1999 4:59 PM

Subject: R: Stationary pendulum

 

Thanks for your recent informal update.

I' m a little confused, as I feel that something happened there.

Would you like to find hereinbelow my most recent message to you, which was rejected by your previous mail server (at Nasa).

**********


Dear Mr. Noever,

Thanks for your e-mail.
In my e-mail of Aug 21, I reported some notes from my notebook.
I hope you have saved a copy of that message; however, for your convenience,
the notes are repeated here:

From the notebook:

From 10:28 to 10:42  major axis direction change > 20°
From 11:40 to 11:53  major axis direction change > 45°
From 11:13 to 11:23  major axis direction chenge > 30°
From 12:18 to 12:28  major axis direction change > 45°
From 13:28 to 13:38  major axis direction change > 30°
From 14:10 to 14:20  remarkable increment of oscillation.

The above notes were written about a month before receiving gravimeter data
from Trieste.
If you have on hand a graph of the Trieste's data, you will find that all of
the considered intervals of time include, or are very close to, pronounced
peaks of the gravimeter data (please subtract 2 h for UTC and consider
synchronization).
This would seem to indicate that cross-correlation may be considered
meaningful, and that a closer analysis of the stationary pendulum data
(zooming into the above intervals) may give further information (may be the
direction of the horizzontal component of the perturbing force).
Should a correlation be confirmed, this would mean that the speed of
propagation of the perturbing event is similar to the speed of the shadow,
and this may exclude both building vibration and thermal/pressure waves (perhaps low frequency diffraction waves might be considered).
Regarding the synchronization, my standpoint is that, if made only on an
optical basis, it may be incorrect.

Regards,
Antonio.

>Antonio,
>
>Thanks for the email update. After looking through the control data, it
>would seem that the oscillation pattern has a very low frequency. Less than
>one might expect from a building vibration mode or thermal/pressure wave?
>Would you characterize the direct observations as more akin to a vertical
>tilt, with a typical 0.01-0.5 Hz kind of frequency (longer seconds to
>minutes)?
>
>We are interested because the vertical tilt explanation seems to be
>circulating in the published literature, and your design seems well-suited
>to consider that effect.
>
>Otherwise, I take it that you are cross-correlating the local images with
>the Univ. Trieste gravity data. It is harder for me to understand why those
>should be correlated (no gravity component in a vertical, stationary
>pendulum), but clearly the gravity readings are only being taken in the
>vertical and will not see the kind of axial (horizontal) effects unless
>their are other components to the signal anomalies?
>
§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§

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From: "David Noever" <cybchemx@ro.cox>

To: "David Noever" <cybchemx@ro.cox>

Subject: Fw: Request of information/Eclipse

Date: Mon, 25 Oct 1999 15:44:40 -0500

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It may be of interest for various local experimental groups to followup with this, if it seems useful.

 

David

 

----- Original Message -----

From: David Noever

To: paolo_XXXXXX

Sent: Monday, October 25, 1999 3:32 PM

Subject: Fw: Request of information

 

Paolo xxxxxx, Dept. Geophysics, Univ. Pisa, Italy

Thank you for your email which was forwarded to my attention. The writeup of results is ongoing.

We would be interested in hearing more about any theoretical explanations that you might have.

Regards,

David Noever

Some of the video is available at

http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast12oct99_1.htm

Some of the links are available at a mirror site of the Vienna research group

http://ro.com/~cybchemx/opsource/open211099.htm

References

--Science, "The Dark Side of Gravity", 285, 39, 1999 (see: http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/development/Eclipse_Science.html)

--The Royal Observatory of Belgium, which summarized results from the 1992 Brazil solar eclipse and then made a tidal prediction for August 11, 1999. See http://home.planetinternet.be/~ballaux/

Adamuti, I. A , "The screen effect of the earth in the TETG - Theory of a screening experiment of a sample body at the equator, using the earth as a screen," Nuovo Cimento C, Serie 1, vol. 5C, Mar.-Apr. 1982, p. 189-208.

Allais, M. L'anisotropie de l'espace, Clément Juglar, Paris, 1997, (The Anisotrophy of Space)

Allais, M., Mouvements du pendule paraconique et éclipse totale de soleil du 30 juin 1954, C. R. Acad. Sci., 245, 2001-2003, 1957. M. Allais, Aero/Space Engineering, Sept. 1959, p. 46-52; Aero/Space Engineering, Oct. 1959, p. 51-55; Aero/Space Engineering, Nov. 1959, p. 55; C.R.A.S. (Fr.), 247,1958, p. 1428; ibid, p. 2284; C.R.A.S. (Fr.), 248,1959, p. 764; ibid, p. 359 (see http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/7919/Allais.htm)

Anderson, J.D., et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2858-2861 (1998).

Arendt, P. R. "Ionospheric effects during the solar eclipse of March 7, 1970", Nature, VOL. 230, P. 89, 90.

Arendt, P. R., "Ionosphere-gravity wave interactions during the March 7, 1970, solar eclipse", Journal Of Geophysical Research, VOL. 76, P. 4695-4697.

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Beer, T. Goodwin, G. L. Hobson, G. J. "Atmospheric gravity wave production for the solar eclipse of October 23, 1976", Nature, vol. 264, Dec. 2, 1976, p. 420, 421.

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Butcher, E. C., .,"Possible detection of a gravity wave in the phase height of the F region due to the eclipse of March 7, 1970", Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 78, Nov. 1, 1973, p. 7563-7566

Chimonas, G. Hines, C. O. "Atmospheric gravity waves induced by a solar eclipse. II"Journal Of Geophysical Research, VOL. 76, P. 7003-7005.

Chimonas, G. "Internal gravity-wave motions induced in the earth's atmosphere by a solar eclipse" Journal Of Geophysical Research, VOL. 75, P. 5545-5551.

Crane, H. R. "Foucault pendulum 'wall clock', Amer. J. Phys. 62, 33 (1995)

Da Rosa, A. V. Davis, M. J. "Possible detection of atmospheric gravity waves generated by the solar eclipse", Nature, VOL. 226, P. 1123.

Datta, R. N. Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics, vol. 2, Sept. 1973, p. 180-182, "Observations on sporadic-E ionization over temperate latitudes during solar eclipse"

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De Marchi, A.; Ortolano, M.; Periale, F.; Rubiola, E , Planning To Measure G With A Pendulum, General Relativity and Gravitational Physics; Proceedings of the 12th Italian Conference, edited by M. Bassan, V. Ferrari, M. Francaviglia, F. Fucito, and I. Modena. World Scientific Press, 1997.,

Deines, Steven D., Missing relativity effects in GPS, Jan 01, 1990 IN: ION GPS-90; Proceedings of the 3rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Colorado Springs, CO, Sept. 19-21, 1990 (A92-16926 04-17). Washington, DC, Institute of Navigation, 1990, p. 138-142. International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation Colorado Springs, CO Sept. 19-21, 1990

Devi, M. Barbara, A. K. Talukdar, P. Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics, vol. 11, Feb. 1982, p. 42-44."Effects of gravity waves on eclipse time absorption of radio waves"

Diesel, John, Conley, Rob, A new way of integrating GPS with INS In: ION GPS-91; Proceedings of the 4th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Albuquerque, NM, Sept. 11-13, 1991 (A93-21126 06-17) Page: p. 191-196.

Dobrokhotov, U.S., Parisky, N., and Lysenko, V. "Observations of tidal variations of gravity in Kiev during the solar eclipse on Feb. 15, 1961", Symp. Intern. Marees, Terestres, 4th, Comm. Obs. Roy. Belg. Ser. Geophys., 58, 66-67, 1961.

Esposito, P.B. "Evaluation of the geocentric gravitional constant from (Mars) Viking doppler and range data," J. Geophys. Res. 84: 3654-3658 (1979).

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Guan, T.R.; Hu, E.K., Inspecting The Period Changes Of The Torsion Pendulum During Solar And Lunar Eclipses, Acta Astronomica Sinica V.32:1, P. 1, 1991

Guérin, J. (1) and C. Gay(2), preprint: The solar eclipse and the pendulum : need for experiments, July 1999 (1) 94 Boulevard Maurice Barrès, 92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France (2) Laboratoire Syst`emes Macromol'eculaires H'et'erog`enes (UMR 167 du CNRS), 95, rue Danton, B.P.108, 92303 Levallois-Perret cedex, France

Hajkowicz, L. A. Nature, vol. 266, Mar. 10, 1977, p. 147, 148

Hanuise, C. Broche, P. Ogubazghi, G. "HF Doppler observations of gravity waves during the 16 February 1980 solar eclipse", Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, vol. 44, Nov. 1982, p. 963-966.

Haringx, J. and H. Suchtelen, Phillips Technical Review, 19, 236, (1957/8)

Ichinose, T. Ogawa, T. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 81, May 1, 1976, p. 2401-2404."Internal gravity waves deduced from the HF Doppler data during the April 19, 1958, solar eclipse"

Jeverdan, G.T., Rusu, G.I. and Antonesco, "Experiments Using the Foucault Pendulum During the Solar Eclipse of 15 February, 1981", Bib. Astronomer, 1:18 (1981)

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-----Original Message-----
From: Paolo XXXXXX [
mailto:paolo_XXXXXXXX]
Sent: Sunday, October 24, 1999 11:43 AM
To:
Ronald.J.Koczor@msfc.naxa.gov
Subject: Request of information

                                                                                            Siena, October 24th 1999

 

 

a few days before the eclipse of August 11th, I have read an article of Luigi Bignami on the "Corriere della Sera" regarding possible anomalies in the running of the pendulum of Foucault during this astronomical phenomenon. He was talked, moreover, of an experiment in Alabama, through a "gravitometro" (and/or gravimeter) in the Marshall Space Flight Center.

I work in the University of Pisa to the Department of Geophysic and I would be very thankful if you could give me all the possible information concerning this matter because I wish verify my theory and have your kind opinion as regards this subject.

 

Thank you very much.

 

                                                                        Paolo XXXXXX

paolo_XXXX@xxxxxxx

 

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From: "David Noever" <cybchemx@ro.cox>

To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

Subject: Re: Stationary pendulum

Date: Mon, 25 Oct 1999 16:37:50 -0500

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Can you please send the copy the Trieste gravity data? I am trying to locate a second copy to verify the cross-correlation, and would like to make sure that we are both working with the same version of the data. I am very interested to see the video short version, and will update as progress is made. I also wanted to compliment your approach to the problem which was quite interesting to us, particularly given the recommendation for a stationary pendulum made by the workers in France. We had not considered this option ourselves.

  

Regards,

David

 

-----Original Message-----
From: Antonio Iovane <
iovane@tin.ot>
To: David Noever <
cybchemx@ro.cox>
Date: Monday, October 25, 1999 4:31 PM
Subject: R: Stationary pendulum

Dear Mr.Noever,

 

thanks for the gif images.

Considering couples of frames, each couple including frames separated by an odd number of half-periods, has been a good idea.

I have noted a tilt of the vertical in both 1423 and 1619 images, but I've been unable to reach a conclusion regarding synchronization, as it would seem to me that images are not enough complete. Did you reach a conclusion?

 

Regards,

Antonio

Find attached gif images which should load into any browser for viewing. David

 

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From: "David Noever" <cybchemx@ro.cox>

To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

Subject: Re: Stationary pendulum

Date: Mon, 25 Oct 1999 17:06:27 -0500

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Thanks. I'll get back with you when the result of cross-correlation is ready.

 

I will also update some of the video which is being posted to a relatively closed site for collaborative viewing.

 

That should be finished tonight.

 

David

 

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From: "David Noever" <cybchemx@ro.cox>

To: "David Noever" <cybchemx@ro.cox>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update: October 25

Date: Mon, 25 Oct 1999 23:12:21 -0500

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To Eclipse Network Collaborators,

 

A brief video synopsis from the 11 August eclipse experiment, along with some of the site details and pendulum mechanical details, is available at the unindexed site shown below (and links from the top site):

 

http://ro.com/~cybchemx/opsource/open261099_1.htm

 

I have not inserted much analysis or interpretation, as that part will await a more general internal review. Some of the video segments even in this abbreviated version may require some patient downloads, particularly internationally.

 

Updates on progress in more detailed analysis will be forthcoming, and either circulated by email or posted for further commentary.

 

A similar set of location sites will also present the corresponding gravity data.

 

Regards,

David Noever

 

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From: "David Noever" <cybchemx@ro.cox>

To: "David Noever" <cybchemx@ro.cox>

Subject: Eclipse Network Update: October 27

Date: Wed, 27 Oct 1999 18:25:05 -0500

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To Eclipse Network Collaborators:

 

With regard to the 11 August eclipse, I have posted a brief discussion with Professor Allais, that may be of interest. This site remains unindexed and is primarily for those curious about progress being made in finalizing conclusions from the detailed experimental analysis.

 

http://ro.com/~cybchemx/opsource/open271099_1.htm

 

and in original French

http://ro.com/~cybchemx/opsource/open271099_2.htm

 

Since many of the page references are to the larger 750 page book, The Anisotropy of Space, those figures can be included in synopsis later. Any translation errors are of course my own. If people request seeing this page in other languages, I can see if some accomodation can be made.

 

Regards,

David Noever

 

If anyone requests to be removed from this update list, please email back 'remove' in the header.

 

Msg#45 ===

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From: "David Noever" <cybchemx@hiwaay.cox>

To: "Antonio Iovane" <iovane@tin.ot>

References: <001901bf36a1$fcc88ee0$2ec3d8d4@idurhslj>

Subject: Re: Stationary pendulum

Date: Wed, 24 Nov 1999 12:07:32 -0600

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No. Just working on the paper draft.

 

----- Original Message -----

From: Antonio Iovane

To: David Noever

Sent: Wednesday, November 24, 1999 11:33 AM

Subject: R: Stationary pendulum

 

Have you suspended any contact?

Regards,

Antonio

 

-----Messaggio originale-----
Da: David Noever <cybchemx@ro.cox>
A: Antonio Iovane <iovane@tin.ot>
Data: lunedì 25 ottobre 1999 23.09
Oggetto: Re: Stationary pendulum

Thanks. I'll get back with you when the result of cross-correlation is ready.

 

I will also update some of the video which is being posted to a relatively closed site for collaborative viewing.

 

That should be finished tonight.

 

David

 

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

The correspondence ends here.

 

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