[...]

One large Creek delegation visited Washington in the winter of 1825-1826 and forced the United States to declare the infamous Indian Springs treaty "to be null and void to every intent and purpose whatever...." However, it proved to be a Pyrrhic victory; as with the Cherokee, the white man's treaty, obtained by trickery, had split the Creek and brought about the murder of their chief, McIntosh. In 1827, Colonel McKenney negotiated with the Creek for the sale of the remainder of their land in Georgia. The nation was then confined to their lands in Alabama. Still, there was no peace when that state demanded they be removed. Finally, the first families boarded the steamboats for the alien western lands, the promised land as the exuberant War Department called it.

McKenney's brief description of Apauly Tustennuggee was "a chief and a warrior...a firm, brave man-and of good sense."